2. Literacy Rate Deforestation Desertification Soil Degradation Over Grazing Afghanistan Iraq Israel Saudi Arabia

3. Literacy Rate-the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak Deforestation-the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land. Desertification- is the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities. Soil Degradation- removal of fertilizer, nitrogen, and other substances need to grow crops. Overgrazing- occurs when plants are exposed to livestock grazing for extended periods of time. It reduces the usefulness of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion.

4. Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by one central authority. Confederation-voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation. Federal-a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities.

5. Autocratic-government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the government. Oligarchic-Government by a few, a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has very limited role. Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly.

6. Parliamentary-system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature. Presidential-a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature.

7. Middle East Country ComparisonsStudent Name _____________________ Name of CountryType of Government GDP ReligionsEthnic GroupsLiteracy Rate

9. Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts. Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur Land use: arable land: 9.78% permanent crops: 1.29% other: 88.93% (2005) Natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes Environment - current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

11. Life expectancy at birth: 70 years Ethnic groups: Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1% Religions: Muslim 98% (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 9%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i) 2% Languages: Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Literacy: 77%

12. Country name: Islamic Republic of Iran Government type: theocratic republic Capital: name: Tehran Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989) head of government: President Mahmud AHMADI- NEJAD (since 3 August 2005). Legislative branch: unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (290 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

13. GDP - per capita (PPP): $8,700 (2006 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 30% industry: 25% services: 45% (2001 est.) Unemployment rate: 15% according to the Iranian government (2007 est.) Agriculture – products: wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy products, wool; caviar Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and non-ferrous metal fabrication, armaments Exports – commodities: petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets Exports – partners: Japan 14.1%, China 12.9%, Turkey 7.3%, Italy 6.3%, South Korea 5.7%, Netherlands 4.6%, Taiwan 4% (2006) Imports – commodities: industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military supplies Imports – partners: Germany 12.1%, China 10.6%, UAE 9.4%, South Korea 6.2%, France 5.6%, Italy 5.4%, Russia 4.5% (2006)

14. Middle East Country ComparisonsStudent Name _____________________ Name of CountryType of GovernmentGDP Iran Theocratic Republic $8,700 ReligionsEthnic GroupsLiteracy Rate Muslim 98% (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 9%) Persian 51%, Azeri 24% 77%

15. Think-Pair-Share What does it mean when Shia Muslims make up 90%+ of the population in Iran? Is there conflict in the society?

17. Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the two sides. Climate: temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Terrain: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley Natural resources: timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand Natural hazards: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes Environment - current issues: limited arable land and natural fresh water resources; desertification; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

19. Life expectancy at birth: 79 Ethnic groups: Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born 22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly Arab) (2004) Religions: Jewish 76.4%, Muslim 16%, Arab Christians 1.7%, other Christian 0.4%, Druze 1.6%, unspecified 3.9% (2004) Languages: Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Literacy: 97.1%

20. Government type: parliamentary democracy Capital: name: Jerusalem Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Shimon PERES (since 15 July 2007) head of government: Prime Minister Ehud OLMERT (since May 2006); Ehud OLMERT won the right to lead the government when his Kadima Party won 29 seats in elections held on 28 March 2006 Legislative branch: unicameral Knesset (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (justices appointed by Judicial Selection Committee - made up of all three branches of the government; mandatory retirement age is 70)

21. GDP - per capita (PPP): $26,800 (2006 est.) Unemployment rate: 8.3% (30 September 2006) Agriculture – products: citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products Industries: high-technology projects (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metals products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles, footwear Exports – commodities: machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel Exports – partners: US 38.4%, Belgium 6.5%, Hong Kong 5.9% (2006) Imports: $47.8 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) Imports – commodities: raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods Imports – partners: US 12.4%, Belgium 8.2%, Germany 6.7%, Switzerland 5.9%, UK 5.1%, China 5.1% (2006)

22. Middle East Country Comparisons Student Name _____________________ Name of CountryType of GovernmentGDP Israel parliamentary democracy $26,800 ReligionsEthnic GroupsLiteracy Rate Jewish 76.4%, Muslim 16%, Arab Christians 1.7% Jewish 76.4% non- Jewish 23.6% (mostly Arab) 97.1%

23. Think-Pair-Share What does the Literacy Rate for Israel mean for their economy?

25. Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman AL SAUD after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula Climate: harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper Natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms Environment - current issues: desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

27. Life expectancy at birth: 75 years Ethnic groups: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% Religions: Muslim 100% Languages: Arabic Literacy: 78.8%

28. Country name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Government type: monarchy Capital: name: Riyadh Suffrage: 21 years of age; male Executive branch: chief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005) elections: none; the monarch is hereditary Legislative branch: Consultative Council (150 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four- year terms).

29. GDP - per capita (PPP): $13,600 (2006 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 12% industry: 25% services: 63% (1999 est.) Unemployment rate: 13% among Saudi males only (local bank estimate; some estimates range as high as 25%) (2004 est.) Agriculture – products: wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals; ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics; metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction Exports – commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 90% Exports – partners: Japan 17.6%, US 15.8%, South Korea 9.6%, China 7.2%, Singapore 4.4%, Taiwan 4.4% (2006) Imports – commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles Imports – partners: US 12.2%, Germany 8.5%, China 7.9%, Japan 7.2%, UK 4.8%, Italy 4.8% (2006)

30. Middle East Country Comparisons Student Name _____________________ Name of CountryType of GovernmentGDP Saudi Arabiamonarchy $13,600 ReligionsEthnic GroupsLiteracy Rate Islam : Arab 90%, Afro- Asian 10% 78.8

31. Is Saudi Arabia an oligarchy or monarchy? How would their natural resources impact their economy?

33. Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks.” Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower Natural hazards: severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van Environment current issues: water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

34. Population:71,158,647 (July 2007 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.88 years Turkish Ethnic groups: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated) Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews) Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian Literacy: definition: 87.4%

35. Country name: Republic of Turkey Government type: republican parliamentary democracy Capital: name: Ankara Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003) Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

36. GDP - per capita (PPP): $9,000 (2006 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 35.9% industry: 22.8% services: 41.2% Unemployment rate: 10.2% Population below poverty line: 20% (2002) Agriculture – products: tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock Industries: textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

37. Middle East Country Comparisons Student Name _____________________ Name of CountryType of GovernmentGDP Turkey republican parliamentary democracy $9,000 ReligionsEthnic GroupsLiteracy Rate Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni) Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% 87.4

38. 3-2-1 List three countries that have Parliamentary Governments List the two highest GDP countries Which country is led by Hamid KARZAI

39. Draw an Economic Continuum line on the Left Side of your Notebook with Market on one side and Command on the other: MarketCommand For each of the following questions, name the type of Economy and place the name of the Country on your Economic Continuum

40. 1. Israel has a mixed economy that is also technologically advanced. The Israeli government and private Israeli companies own and control the economy equally… 2. Saudi Arabia also has a mixed economy. The government largely controls the main export oil. Oil accounts for well over half of the country’s economy. 3. The government of Turkey controls the country’s economy. Only a few companies are privately owned.

41. Economic Continuum line MarketCommand Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey 1. Israel=Mixed 2. Saudi Arabia=Mixed/Command 3. Turkey=Command

42. Central Intelligence Agency, World Fact Book. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html 092707