1. Part 1: Ch. 4

2. According to the sin-based model society is founded on consensus with most people agreeing about right & wrong Example: 9-11 terrorists considered deranged but not evil (Said) Part 1: Ch. 4

4. From 19 th -Century to 1960s: social stability founded on moral order – a common world view that binds people to their families, communities, and to larger economic and political institutions Today: few sociologists hold such views Part 1: Ch. 4

5. Globalization has increased societies based on shared culture rather than on narrow calculations of individual self- interest A commitment to common moral order more difficult within a culture of strong individualism Part 1: Ch. 4

7. Testing the boundaries of established norms can be positive as well as negative Type of alienation occurs when social regulators begin to splinter, and controlling moral authority of society no longer effective (T.S. Eliot) Part 1: Ch. 4

8. Positive : 1950s & 1960s: identifying racism & bigotry as deviance led to social change in which discrimination was stigmatized and censured in legal system Negative : fail to acknowledge as deviant the increase in out-of-wedlock births and resulting in detrimental effect on black community (Moynihan) Part 1: Ch. 4

9. When an individual is caught between loosening moral norms regulating behavior and individual’s own moral misgivings Identification and stigmatization of deviant behavior functional for society, because it can produce certainty for individuals, and solidarity for group Dramatic social change through rapid redefinition of deviance can be dysfunctional for society The door is open for moral panics Part 1: Ch. 4

10. Example An individual who does not recognize an extramarital affair as sinful but sees himself or herself as afflicted with a mental illness The loosening of moral codes of conduct on college campuses Part 1: Ch. 4

11. Interviews with over 200 middle-class people Results: people unified by their increasing reluctance to judge the behavior of others Wolfe identified this as “Eleventh Commandment: Thou Shalt Not Judge” Originally predicted 30 years ago by Rieff, who stated that “psychological man” was replacing “Christian man,” where former rejected idea of sin and need for salvation Part 1: Ch. 4

13. Hard principles of moral consensus must be constructed Re-moralization of public discourse necessary in these difficult times where evil abounds Refusal to acknowledge and negatively sanction deviance exemplifies lost capacity to confront evil and dehumanize us all

14. What are the implications of (re)defining deviance as disease or “psychologizing” it? How does anomie lead to moral panics?

15. Part I Chapter 5

16. Part 1: Ch. 5

17. Crime is a legal definition created by the agents of the dominant class in power Crime is not inherent in behavior but a judgment made by some about others The greater the number of definitions of crime formulated and applied, the greater the amount of crime Part 1: Ch. 5

19. Definitions of crime are composed of behaviors that conflict with the interests of the dominant class, and include legal policies for the treatment of criminals Definitions of crime change as the interests of the dominant class change Part 1: Ch. 5

21. Definitions of crime are applied by the class that has the power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law Criminal law is not applied directly by those in power, but its enforcement is delegated to legal agents; This results in some variation in how definitions will be applied Application of the law is also affected by communities’ expectations of law enforcement and administration Part 1: Ch. 5

23. Behavior patterns are structured in relation to definitions of crime, and people engage in actions that have a probability of being defined as criminal Since it is not the quality of the conduct but the action taken against it that makes it criminal, the dominant class tends to exclude its own behaviors from such definitions Those who have been defined as criminal begin to think of themselves as criminal, increasing the likelihood they will continue to be defined as criminal Part 1: Ch. 5

25. An ideology of crime is constructed and diffused by the dominant class to secure its hegemony The ideas about crime held by the dominant class are incorporated into the social views of crime and criminals Part 1: Ch. 5

27. The social reality of crime is constructed by: the formulation and application of definitions of crime the development of behavior patterns in relation to these definitions the construction of an ideology of crime Part 1: Ch. 5

29. What is meant by the idea that crime is socially constructed? At what point is crime recognized as behavior that violates norms and laws? Part 1: Ch. 5