1. Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Vocabulary

2. urbanization Is the movement of people from rural areas to cities.

3. tenement Buildings that are divided into small apartments. Because so many people were moving to the cities they had to live in tenements.

4. settlement house A center that provides help for those who have little money. Jane Addams started a settlement house in Chicago that was called Hull House.

5. political machine Is an organization of people who control votes to gain political power. Members of a machine wanted to get certain candidates elected to city offices. They bribed immigrants to get them to vote for their person.

6. suspension bridge A bridge that is suspended or hung from steel cables.

8. Growing Cities In the late 1800s and early 1900s the U.S. was changing or transforming from a largely rural, agricultural (farming) nation into a nation of city dwellers.

9. Which cities grew more rapidly? New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia Also cities near good transportation (access to trains and water helped cities to grow)

10. Immigration or Urbanization Between 1890 and 1910 the population of the U.S. increased by 29 million people. Of this 29 million, 2/3 of them were immigrants.

11. Why did we have such an increase in population? 1. Industrialization created new jobs. Floods of immigrants came to the U.S. for these jobs. 2. Urbanization (movement of people from rural areas to cities) caused people to leave the farms and move to the cities.

12. Because we had new machines making farm work easier, fewer farm workers were needed. People who had always worked the land now moved to the city to find factory jobs.

13. With so many people moving to the cities there was a housing shortage. People had to move into tenements. These are buildings that are divided into small apartments.

14. urban planning Because factories began to move into residential areas and tenements were built between houses, no one was thinking about rules where it was appropriate to build. This uncontrolled industrial growth called for some urban planning.

15. Rapid growth has disadvantages: Crowded streets Traffic problems The need for more housing Children needed a place to play Disease spreads rapidly Noise Waste, smoke, violence

16. Urban Woes (problems) Uncontrolled growth creates problems in the cities: Overcrowding Unsafe or uncomfortable tenements no windows- no fresh air-disease

17. More urban problems Lack of refrigeration would lead to the milk becoming spoiled. This would lead to thousands of babies dieing. Cities were becoming dirtier. Lots of smoke and soot from factories was in the air.There was increased traffic in the streets. There was a problem of too much garbage. Often it was dumped into the street or river. With so many immigrants there was an increase in prejudice. This made life more difficult.

18. Why would some of the locals resent immigrant workers? The locals believed the immigrants were taking the available jobs.

19. How do we fix the problems created by rapid growth of the cities? Organizations such as the YMCA, YMHA, and Salvation Army started in the 1800s.

20. Settlement Houses were built to make people feel comfortable and at home. Jane Addams opened Hull House where immigrants could take free English classes and get help in finding work. There was a day care for children. This idea of settlement houses spread and hundreds opened in other cities.

21. Jacob Riis Immigrant from Denmark that lived in New York City. He wrote articles about the hardships that immigrants faced He published a book How the Other Half Lives that revealed the terrible conditions that poor urban immigrants faced. Wealthy New Yorkers donated money to build parks and medical centers for the poor. City officials tore down several of the worst tenements. Jacob Riis helped to raise awareness of the problems of the poor.

22. Political Machines Is an organization of people who control votes to gain political power. Many of the votes controlled by political machines were those of immigrants.

23. How does a political machine work? Members of the machine wanted to get certain candidates elected to city offices. They told immigrants that they would help them get homes and jobs if the immigrants voted for the candidates selected by the machine. Sometimes they did help, but most were more interested in power than kindness. The candidates that the machines put into office did what the political machines told them to do.

24. William “Boss” Tweed Was part of a political machine known as Tammany Hall. He was known for bribing leaders and cheating people out of money. He also stole millions of dollars from the city. Although most political machines were dishonest and influenced by bribes, many immigrants wanted their help. They were glad that someone seemed to be taking their side.

25. Why did builders want to make taller buildings? This would help cities grow without expanding outward.

26. What two factors made possible the building of tall skyscrapers? A. The development of affordable steel B. the development of elevators.

27. Elisha Graves Otis In 1852 inventor Elisha Graves Otis created the first safety elevator. This elevator had brakes that would keep it from falling. He installed the first passenger elevator in a five-story department store in New York City in 1857.

28. The first steel bridge Was built in 1874 by James Buchanan Eads. It spanned the Mississippi River from Illinois to St. Louis, Missouri.

29. Suspension Bridge Is one that is suspended, or hung, from steel cables. It was designed by John Roebling. His son Washington Roebling finished the project. The Brooklyn Bridge became the longest bridge in the world in 1883.

30. If builders could go “up”, could they also go down? Yes, in 1897 the country’s first successful underground train system, or subway, was opened in Boston, Massachusetts.