1. Confidence Building Measures and Preventive Diplomacy : ASEAN Perspectives By C.P.F. Luhulima

2. ASEAN – exercise in CB & PD Characteristic: Characteristic: 1. Border & territorial disputes; 2. Ethnic conflicts & animosities; 3. Religious prejudice; 4. Fear of smaller states of the bigger ones. Goals: Goals: 1. Economic growth; 2. Social progress; 3. Cultural development in the region. To promote regional peace & stability

3. ASEAN & the Concept of PD The Principles of ASEAN (TAC 1976): Sovereign Equality; Sovereign Equality; Territorial integrity; Territorial integrity; Non-interference in the internal affairs of a member state. Non-interference in the internal affairs of a member state. It is to guarantee that each country shall have the right to: It is to guarantee that each country shall have the right to: 1. Lead its national existence free from external interference subversion / coercion; 2. Not interfere in the internal affairs of one another; 3. Settle the differences / dispute and conducted only by peaceful means; 4. Refuse threat / use of force; 5. Encourage effective cooperation among themselves.

4. UN & the Concept of PD UN Charter - article 33 (1): UN Charter - article 33 (1): If a dispute between countries in the region occur and disturbing regional peace and harmony the parties to the dispute should be persuaded to take the initiative in finding solution through peaceful negotiation and in the shortest time possible.

5. The ARF & the Concept of PD To help prevent disputes & conflicts from arising between States that could potentially pose a threat to regional peace and stability; To help prevent disputes & conflicts from arising between States that could potentially pose a threat to regional peace and stability; To help prevent such dispute & conflicts from escalating into armed confrontation; To help prevent such dispute & conflicts from escalating into armed confrontation; To help minimize the impact of such disputes & conflicts on the region. To help minimize the impact of such disputes & conflicts on the region. Non-coercive; Non-coercive; It requires trust & confidence; It requires trust & confidence; It operates on the basis of consultation & consensus; It operates on the basis of consultation & consensus; It is voluntary; It is voluntary; It is conducted in accordance with universally recognized basic principles of international law & inter- state relation embodied, inter alia, in the UN Charter, the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence and the TAC. It is conducted in accordance with universally recognized basic principles of international law & inter- state relation embodied, inter alia, in the UN Charter, the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence and the TAC.

6. Kofi Annans concept of PD 1. Preventive deployment; 2. Preventive disarmament; 3. Preventive humanitarian action; 4. Preventive peace-building.

7. Implementation of PD Case study: 1. The Philippine government & the Moro National Liberation Front; 2. The conflict between the Government of Indonesia and the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Aceh Freedom Movement).

8. State Sovereignty and Human Rights: Seeking the Equilibrium Since the atrocities in Srebrenica, Kosovo and Rwanda, a state also responsible in protecting its citizens from domestic conflict and various acts of violence and atrocities. Since the atrocities in Srebrenica, Kosovo and Rwanda, a state also responsible in protecting its citizens from domestic conflict and various acts of violence and atrocities. Reasons why a State failed to protect its citizens are: Reasons why a State failed to protect its citizens are: 1. Lack of political will; 2. Narrow national interest and negligence. Key word : B A L A N C E

9. The Outlook 1. A step-by-step approach in order to ensure consensual progress to secure the maintenance & continuing enhancement of commitment of all participants in the ARF process. 2. ASEAN & ARF shall deliberate on settling clear cut targets in preventing disputes & conflicts in the region (not only between states but also between the state and its citizenry). 3. ASEAN will have to shift from an explanatory to a normative approach in its endeavours to shape in its future, also in nurturing confidence- building, preventive diplomacy and approaches to conflict resolution.

10. Thank You