1. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy Audrey Singer, Visiting Fellow The Brookings Institution El Incremento de Nuevas Vías de Entrada de Inmigrantes: Flujos Históricos y Tendencias Recientes de Asentamiento Seminario Permanente sobre Migración El Colegio de la Frontera Norte June 11, 2004

2. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Immigration Trends from Census 2000 More immigrants entered the United States in the 1990s than in any previous decade Immigrants are settling in many new places with little history of immigration The challenges of incorporating immigrants will be a growing issue in many places in the United States

3. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY The share of the U.S. population that is foreign-born is lower at the end of the 20th century than at the start Number of foreign-born and share of population, United States, 1900-2000 Source: Lindsay and Singer, “Changing Faces: Immigrants and Diversity in the Twenty-First Century,” June 2003

4. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY 1900 2000 Few cities maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century

5. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY 1900-19201980-2000 Source countries have reversed—from primarily European to primarily non-European

6. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY The nation’s primary Gateway States are shifting From Northeast and Southwest To Southeast and Mountain West

7. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Metropolitan Washington ranks 7th in number of foreign-born residents Source: US Census Bureau Top Ten Immigrant Populations by Metropolitan Area, 2000

8. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Former Gateways attracted large numbers of immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do

9. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Continuous Gateways are long-established and continuing destinations for immigrants

10. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Post-World War II Gateways began attracting immigrants during the second half of the 20th century

11. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Emerging Gateways experienced rapid immigrant growth over the past 20 years

12. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Re-emerging Gateways waned as destinations in the middle part of the century, but have rebounded recently

13. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Three factors help classify metropolitan gateways for immigration: SIZE of the metropolitan area and of the foreign-born population RATE of GROWTH and PERCENT foreign-born population DOMINANCE, PERSISTANCE, and HISTORY of the settlement of the foreign born

14. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Former (8) Baltimore Buffalo Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis Continuous (9) Boston Chicago Jersey City Newark New York Bergen-Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco Post-WWII (7) Fort Lauderdale Houston Los Angeles Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino San Diego Miami Emerging (7) Atlanta Dallas Fort Worth Las Vegas Orlando Washington, DC West Palm Beach Re-Emerging (9) Denver Minneapolis-St. Paul Oakland Philadelphia Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Jose Seattle Tampa Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000

15. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Former (8) Baltimore Buffalo Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis Continuous (9) Boston Chicago Jersey City Newark New York Bergen Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco Post-WWII (7) Fort Lauderdale Houston Los Angeles Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino San Diego Miami Emerging (7) Atlanta Dallas Fort Worth Las Vegas Orlando Washington, DC West Palm Beach Re-Emerging (9) Denver Minneapolis-St. Paul Oakland Philadelphia Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Jose Seattle Tampa Pre-emerging (5) Austin Charlotte Greensboro-Winston Salem Raleigh-Durham Salt Lake City Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 (plus one more)

16. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster

17. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways

18. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Characteristics vary by gateway type… Suburban settlement patterns National origins English language proficiency

19. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY The share of overall population that is foreign-born tends to be higher in central cities than in suburbs… 34%21%36%New York 36%34%40%Los Angeles 51%41%60%Miami 17%15%22%Chicago METROSUBURBSCITY

20. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY …but growth during the 1980s and 1990s was greater in suburban areas, yielding more immigrants in absolute terms Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 45 metro areas (in millions)

21. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Emerging Former Post-WWII Re-emerging Pre-emerging Continuous Immigrants in Emerging Gateways are more likely to live in the suburbs

22. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Commercial enclave in a Continuous Gateway, Washington Heights, NYC

23. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Commercial enclave in a Pre-Emerging Gateway, Winston- Salem, North Carolina

24. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Commercial enclave in an Emerging Gateway, Seven Corners, Virginia

25. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY National origins also vary by gateway type…

26. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY The five largest country of origin groups in the U.S. include Mexico and four Asian countries

27. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY

28. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Emerging, Pre-Emerging and Former gateways have the largest shares of most recent Mexican immigrants

29. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Los Angeles has 1.5 million Mexican-born residents, triple the number in Chicago, and ten times New York Metropolitan areas with the largest Mexican immigrant populations, 2000 Percent of all immigrants Number

30. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Immigrants in the traditional Southwestern settlement states are majority Mexican Metropolitan areas with the highest percentage Mexican immigrant populations, 2000 Number Percent of all immigrants

31. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY English language skills are most limited in Post-WWII and Pre-Emerging Gateways

32. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY Six Implications for Local Leaders Understand local immigration dynamics Bring cultural and language sensitivity to service delivery Build English language capacity Provide workforce support Create linkages to mainstream institutions Encourage civic engagement

33. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY