1. Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal

2. Square Deal “It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is steward of the people, and … to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it.” Square Deal -> described the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt Administration

3. Using Federal Power Thought the U.S. required strong federal gov’t Trusts -> legal body that would control stocks of a particular company (Standard Oil) – Controlled about 4/5 of U.S. industries – Lower prices to drive out competition then raise them after competition was gone Roosevelt attacks Northern Securities Company (controlled northwestern railroads) – Had Justice Department sue this company leading to it dissolving.

4. 1902 Coal Strike 140k + coal miners in Penn. strike for 20% raise, 9 hr. workday, right to form union Roosevelt invites both parties to White House – Got 10% raise, 9 hr. workday – Had to give up right to form union and the ability to strike for 3 years Federal gov’t now expected to intervene in future strikes

5. Railroad Regulation Roosevelt passes the Elkins Act – Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads Hepburn Act 1906 – Limited the distribution of free railroad passes (used as bribery) – Gave commission the right to set max. railroad prices

6. Health + Environment Food and Drugs – “The Jungle” leads to Meat Inspection Act Dictated strict cleanliness requirements and the inspection of meat by the federal gov’t – Pure Food and Drug Act Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines Called for truth in labeling (accurate labels)

7. Natural Resource Conservation – Overuse of natural resources Deforestation, excessive coal mines, overgrazing plains – Measures were taken Kept large pieces of federal land from being sold privately Mediation between conserved land and exploited land Funded large scale irrigation projects in the West

8. Roosevelt on Civil Rights Failed to support civil rights for African- Americans – Did appoint African-American to head of custom house in Charleston, S.C. When Mississippi refused to acknowledge this, Roosevelt shut their office down – Dismissed African-American regiment from army on suspicions of protecting someone in a murder case Fired back by inviting Booker T. Washington to White House

9. W.E.B. Du Bois shows opposition – Attacks Washington Says he accommodates segregationists Blames blacks for their poverty Urges them to accept discrimination – Quote pg. 325 Du Bois holds rally in Niagara Falls and forms the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) – 6,000+ members by 1914 – Progressive ideals focused on middle class whites

10. Taft and Progressivism

11. Becoming President Was Roosevelt’s Secretary of War – Picked to run against William Jennings Bryan Easily beat Bryan who was running for the 3 rd consecutive time

12. Early Stumbles Wanted to consolidate previous reforms Not very popular in the beginning Had trouble with members of his own party Tariffs and conservation become main focus

13. Tariffs and Conservation Payne Bill (H.O.R.) – Lowered rates on imported manufactured goods Aldrich Bill (Senate) – Made fewer cuts and increased many rates Payne-Aldrich Tariff – A compromise that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich Bill – Believed that Taft was straying from Progressivism – Taft calls it the “best tariff bill the Republicans had ever passed” Taft appoints Richard A. Ballinger as secretary of the interior – Removed 1 mil. Acre of forest and mining lands from the reserved list and returned it to the public domain

14. Split of the Republicans Two types of Republicans – Progressives who wanted change and those who didn’t Joseph Cannon (Uncle Joe) -> Speaker of House – Chairman of House Rules Committee (decides which bills Congress will consider) – Often ignored progressive bills With help from Dem. Progressive Rep. called for the entire House to elect the Committee on Rules and excluded the Speaker from membership in the committee

15. Bull-Moose Party Roosevelt leaves office, goes to Africa to hunt, comes back to people wanting him back in office – Decides to run for 3 rd term – Taft has advantage because he is incumbent His supporters relocate to areas where Roosevelt had supporters Progressive Republicans refuse to vote and create 3 rd party (Bull Moose Party) – Wanted direct election of senators and the adoption in all states of the initiative, referendum, and recall – Agreed with women’s suffrage, workmen’s compensation, 8 hr. workday, min. wage for women, no child labor, federal commission to regulate business Democrats get great chance to regain White House – Nominate Woodrow Wilson as their candidate

16. 1912 Election Wilson runs on “New Freedom” idea – Demanded stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs Roosevelt and Taft fighting each other – “Don’t’ interfere when your enemy is destroying himself” Race between Roosevelt’s progressivism, Taft’s conservatism, and Wilson’s “New Freedom” Wilson wins election and Roosevelt defeats Taft as 3 rd party candidate