1. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Recent CO 2 gradients over Europe M.Ramonet, P.Ciais et al.

2. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Marine & Continental sites over Europe

3. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 The CO 2 time series over Europe PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (all data) HH1 (all data) PAL (all data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask) PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (selected data) HH1 (selected data) PAL (selected data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask) Monthly means or individual flask data

4. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 The CO 2 time series over Europe

5. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Mean seasonal gradients

6. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Annual CO 2 offset to Mace Head

7. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Sensitivity to the ref. site

8. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Sensitivity to the data selection

9. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Seasonal 5-years trends

10. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007

11. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 What are the main drivers for trend and interannual variability of CO 2 gradients over Europe ?

12. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Winter NAO Winter (Dec-Mar) Station Based NAO Index http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/indices.data.html#naostatmon

13. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 PBL height from radiosoundings  Mean SUMMER inland trend: 200m/10years: 2%/year  Mean YEAR inland: 100m/10years: 1%/year Vautard et al.

14. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 PBL height from ECMWF  Comparison ECMWF vs radiosoundings ?  Strong interest for collocated observations of PBL height and CO2

15. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Fossil fuel emissions from CDIAC Paris et al. Eastern = Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Eastern europe Western = France, UK, Ireland, Benelux Mediterranean = Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece Northern = Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, + 3 baltic states

16. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Corbières et al., 2007 Sea surface CO 2 in N.Atlantic SINK SOURCE fCO 2 (µatm) calculated with DIC and TA (53°N - 62°N) The ocean fCO 2 evolution is mainly related to sea surface warming, up to 2°C since 1993 and results in a large changes for the air-sea CO 2 fluxes 8 Atmosphere (MHD)

17. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007

18. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007

19. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007

20. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Calculation of CO 2 gradients

21. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 BSC BAL BSC: Local Time - 2 hour(s) = UTC BAL: Local Time - 1 hour(s) = UTC Influence of the flask sampling time

22. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Influence of the flask sampling time All flasks Selected flasks

23. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 Seasonal trends compared to Mace Head PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (selected data) HH1 (selected data) PAL (selected data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask)

24. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 CO 2 CO Comparison of CO 2 & CO trends NOAA flasks

25. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 [1995-2000] vs [2001-2005] CO 2 gradient increased by ~35% ~ +0.3 PgC y -1 Fossil fuel increased by ~3% ~ +0.03 PgC y -1 2003 anomaly Ecosystems = +0.5 PgC y -1 [Ciais et al., 2005] Fossil fuel = +0.9 ± 0.02 PgC y -1 [UNFCC: 1990-2003] Ecosystems= -0.11 ± 0.28 PgC y -1 [Janssens et al., 2003] =>European carbon balance +0.8 ± 0.3 PgC y-1 EU carbon fluxes

26. Carboeurope Annual Meeting Poznan, 8-12 Oct. 2007 CO 2 gradients between many continental sites (PUY, ORL, HH1, BAL, BSC) and marine sites over Europe are higher (~35%) in 2001 ‑ 2005 compared to 1993 ‑ 2000. Not highly sensitive to the data selection schemes. Some sites (PUY, BAL) show a higher signal in Spring. Fossil fuel emissions are increasing (+3%), but do not seem to explain the observed signal (factor of 10). CO gradients are not increasing (BAL, BSC, HUN). Results consistent with Ciais et al.(2005) => 3-5 years anomaly ? To be investigated: Changes in the atmospheric transport Changes in the spatial distribution of anthropogenic sources Other dataset (eddy flux time series, satellite data,...)