1. Research Paper: The Final Touches
HOW TO SAVE YOUR DRAFT

2. Formatting
Don’t you Format Incorrectly

3. Formatting the Works Cited
You must provide complete citation information in correct MLA form for all sources from which you borrow material.
Start your Works Cited list on a new page, and number it as though it were a page in your paper.
Arrange entries alphabetically by the authors' last names. If no author is provided for any source, use the title to alphabetize.
After the first line of an entry, indent five spaces (one tab space) so that the first word of the entry stands out. This is called a hanging indentation.

4. Note double spacing between all lines, but no extra space between sources.
1/2” 1”
Smith 12
Works Cited 1” 1”
Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: The Random
House Publishing Group, 1981.
Shakespeare, William. Romeo & Juliet. Eds. Kylene Beers
and Lee Odell. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2005,
Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
10th ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1994.
1 1/2”

5. Formatting your paper
Your last name should go on the far right corner of every sheet that follows with the page number. This is called a header.
Each page should have a one-inch margin (not 1 1/2 or 2 inches).
Page 1 and all subsequent pages will have the author's last name and the page number as a header 1/2 inch from the top of the paper. The actual text will begin at the 1 inch margin.
Use 10 or 12 point type and a standard font such as Times New Roman.
Type on only one side of the page and double space all text.

6. What your first page should look like…no title page needed.
Your last name 1
Your full name
Course/Teacher/Period
Assignment Title
Date
Centered Title
Then begin writing your paper with a
wonderful attention getter and great
introduction to your wonderful 7-10 page
paper. Everything is written in Times New
Roman size 12, and everything is double
Spaced with a 1” margin all around. 1”
header
Double space between each line evenly—no “double double” spaces.
What your first page should look like…no title page needed.

7. In-text Citations
In-text citation will correspond with an entry in the Works Cited page.
(Talking ‘bout ) My Citation

8. A single author of one text
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
Notice how the in-text citation above corresponds with the details included
in the Works Cited page:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on
Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: University of California P, 1966.

9. Multiple authors of one text
In the event the quote comes from a book with two authors, list both in parenthesis like this (Author1 and Author2 10).
With three authors it will be (Author1, Author2, and Author3 10).
Beyond three authors, one may name them all, or name the first followed by et al, the abbreviation for "and others"  (Author1 et al.  10). 
Notice when the word “and” is used, as well as commas and “et al.”

10. No author of one text
Like Illinois, “Indiana makes much of its state income through farming and exporting of corn” (“Farming” 36).
“Farming.” Encyclopedia of Indiana. New York: Somerset,

11. Two texts by the same author:
Twain states that “neither she nor her friends will doubt that she is doing the best she can for man and God” (“The New” 384), but he also contends that “[w]e deal in a curious and laughable confusion of notions concerning God” (“Reflections” 333).
Twain, Mark. “Reflections on Religion.” The Hudson
Review (1963):
“The New Dynasty.” The New England Quarterly.
30.3 (1957):
Note that the second time the name is listed, it’s three dashes (followed by a period) instead of the name repeated.

12. Two texts by the same author:
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:
People “deal in a curious and laughable confusion of notions concerning God” (Twain, “Reflections” 333).

13. Two authors -- of different texts --with the same last name:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
R.Anderson
G. Anderson
Miller, Allen. Clone This. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.
Miller, Roger. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

14. A tricky one Text found in an anthology or edited collection:
For an essay, short story, or other document included in an anthology or edited collection, use the name of the author of the text, not the editor of the anthology or collection, but use the page numbers from the anthology or collection.
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann,

15. Text found in an anthology or edited collection:
Murriel Harris analyzes the way in which teachers can assist students as they move from high school to college (24).
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,

16. Text that cites another author (Citing Indirect Sources)
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted.
For example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).

17. Text found in a Shakespearean play
Like many men , Hamlet infamously wonders, “To be or not to be” (Shakespeare )
Act
scene
line
*Note that each is separated by a period, no space.
Use Arabic numbers unless a teacher asks specifically for Roman numerals.

18. Formatting your quotes
Good Citations

19. Introducing your sources
The first time you cite a source, tell us who it is and why he/she is credible…
Mark Twain, satirist and author of Huckleberry Finn, shares that “blah, blah, blah” (41).
In “A Hard Book to Take,” literary critic James M. Cox discusses the role of Jim in Huckleberry Finn, arguing that “blah, blah, blah” (333).
However, if you start quoting someone else for a while and then go back to someone you quoted at the beginning, make it clear in your transitions by using the author’s name again. i.e. Leder, however, suggests that while Madonna is considered…..
Notice that you do not need to repeat the author’s last name if it’s mentioned in the sentence.

20. End-punctuation and your quotes
Please notice that there is no end-punctuation inside the parenthesis, and the closing punctuation from the sentence is placed after the parenthesis.
In Huckleberry Finn, Huck contemplates prayer, explaining that “Miss Watson she took me in the closet and prayed, but nothing come of it. She told me to pray every day, and whatever I asked for I would get it. But it warn't so. I tried it. Once I got a fish-line, but no hooks. It warn't any good to me without hooks. I tried for the hooks three or four times, but somehow I couldn't make it work” (Twain 14).
No end punctuation
Period

21. End-punctuation: The exception to the rule
When a quote ends in a question mark or exclamation point, you DO use that end punctuation and a period after the parenthesis
“I said I reckoned I would slip over the river and find out what was going on. Jim liked that notion; but he said I must go in the dark and look sharp. Then he studied it over and said, couldn't I put on some of them old things and dress up like a girl?” (Twain 73).
Note that question mark is in quotation marks
Period

22. Quote-within-a-quote
In the event there is a quote inside your quote, use a single quotation mark for the interior quote, but keep the double exterior quotation marks to show entire excerpt .
 Tom Sawyer asks Ben Rogers, “‘Don't you reckon that the people that made the books knows what's the correct thing to do? Do you reckon you can learn 'em anything? Not by a good deal. No, sir, we'll just go on and ransom them in the regular way’” (Twain 12).
Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author
If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others.
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, follwed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).
Note the single quote within the double quotes

23. Quote-within-a-quote
A teacher read this to her students, “‘If you subscribe to the summer Weekly Reader, you will receive ten issues.’ One of her students waited all summer for a pair of tennis shoes’’(Lederer 147).  
Note that the single quote is used when the dialogue inside your borrowed passage starts and ends.

24. Long Quotes Indent 1 inch
In the event of a long quote–more than 4 lines–the writer must set it off by indenting 1 inch, or two tabs. This will not need quotation marks, but it should remain double spaced.
Indent 1 inch
Laughter is also an elixir for the mind. Tests administered by
Swedish psychologist Lars Ljungdahl before and after humor
therapy reveal a reduction of stress and depression and a
heightened sense of mental well being and creativity.
(Lederer 10)
Use long quotes SPARINGLY! Consider summarizing long quotes and then “quoting” a portion.
People who use lots of long quotes look like they’re trying to fill up space!
Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)
Note that with long quotes, the period falls BEFORE the parenthesis.

25. Quoting a Poem (or Shakespearean piece)
Excerpt of “Incident” by Countee Cullen
I saw the whole of Baltimore From May until December; Of all the things that happened there That's all that I remember.
Quoting Poem
Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there/ That's all I remember" (11-12).
Put a backslash to identify the end of the line of poetry

26. Taking Words Out…Periods of Ellipses
In the event one doesn't wish to use a whole quote, one may use an ellipsis (...) to indicate that text is missing.
Example:
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

27. Adding Words to Quotations: [Use Brackets]
If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text.
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

28. Variations on Punctuation
When your sentence doesn’t end with the citation…
According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.
If the question mark is your own, and not the text’s…
Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?
Short Quotations
To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks and incorporate it into your text. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference in the works-cited list. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

29. Integrating your quotes
You can Quote if you Want to

30. Here are three ways to include a parenthetical citation:
Variety
Here are three ways to include a parenthetical citation:
Wordsworth states that Romantic poetry is marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explores the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Parenthetical Citations
MLA format follows the author-page method of citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in your works cited list (see Your Works Cited Page, below).

31. Historical Present Tense
When writing a literary analysis paper, use the present tense to describe events that occur in your book. The logic is that every time someone reads a piece of literature, it is a new experience for the reader.
Consider this:
Past tense: Macbeth saw a dagger, which was either a hallucination …
Present tense: Macbeth sees a dagger floating in the air, which is either a hallucination….

32. Additional Info
Before you cheat

33. Why cite your sources? (So you don’t plagiarize!)
Plagiarism includes the following:
not citing sources of information or ideas I used that belong to someone else
summarizing ideas or information that belong to someone else and failing to cite the original source
not putting quotation marks around words that are not mine even though I cite the source
quoting material but failing to cite the source
getting a paper or part of a paper off the internet and claiming it is my own
getting a paper or part of a paper from another student and claiming it is my own

34. So what’s the order? 1st page of Paper (page 1)
Works cited page (page?)
*Your teacher may have additional requirements, like a title page.
The background on the version is black, but for printing I made it white.

35. Paragraph Tips
Each paragraph’s topic sentence should connect to –and help prove—your thesis.
Every paragraph should transition smoothly from one to the next.
Some teachers may stress opening or concluding a body paragraph with your own words. Placing a quote at the beginning or end of a paragraph (that is not your intro or conclusion) may not communicate your paragraph’s main idea or sub-argument.

36. Now you know everything you need to write a great paper.
calvogallery.html
Wow! What a photo!
Don’t Stop Proofreading!

37. Works Cited
Romano, Tony and Gary Anderson. Expository Composition: Discovering Your Voice. St. Paul, MN: EMC, 2008.
The Purdue OWL. 26 Aug The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 23 April 2008 <

38. Art gathered from…