1. Americans Move to the Cities & The Western Frontier Demise KC 6.2
APUSH Mr. Buttell WBHS

2. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age
Megalopolis.
Mass Transit.
Magnet for economic and social opportunities.
Pronounced class distinctions Inner & outer core
New frontier of opportunity for women.
Squalid living conditions for many.
Political machines.
Ethnic neighborhoods.

3. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

4. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

5. “Dumbell “ Tenement

6. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (1890)

7. Tenement Slum Living

8. Lodgers Huddled Together

9. Tenement Slum Living

10. Struggling Immigrant Families

11. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

12. Hester Street – Jewish Section

13. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

14. Urban Growth:

15. New Immigration Jane Addams – Hull House Chicago
Lillian Wald – Henry Street Settlement House NYC
Florence Kelley – activist w/Addams
English classes, child care, counseling to new culture and cultural activities

16. Nativism & APA (American Protective Assoc.)

17. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

18. Churches and Urban Life
Social Gospel – social justice for the poor, applying Christian principles to social problems
Catholic gains in membership
Cardinal Gibbons and labor movement
Mary Baker Eddy and Christian Science
YMCA & YWCA
Contributes later to Progressive reform attacking urban problems

19. Compulsory Education
1900 – 6,000 High Schools w/free textbooks. Cities out-performed rural.
Teacher Training Schools – Normal Schools
Surge in Catholic Parochial Schools
Adult Schools – Chautauqua Movement
Illiteracy rates fall from 20% to 10.7% -1900

20. Blacks/Southern Education
G. Washington Carver
Booker T. Washington
Tuskeegee Institute

21. Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois “The honor, I assure you, was Harvard’s”
-Dr. Du Bois
Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

22. Higher Education Women’s colleges-Vassar
in four grads were women
Black colleges like Howard, Atlanta and Spellman Univ.
Morrill Act 1862, Hatch Act of 1887
Money Barons gave to Cornell, Stanford, Univ. Of Chicago
Johns Hopkins Univ, first high-grade grad. school

23. Postwar Writing Literacy increases
Horatio Algers – Virtue, honesty sold over 100 million
Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass, O Captain! My Captain!
Emily Dickinson – famous after death

24. The New Morality Sexual attitudes and place of women is changing
Victoria Woodhull & sister publish free love
“Comstock Law” against obscenity, abortion
Jobs in cities led to women’s liberation
Economic freedoms=sexual freedoms
Divorces spike, spreading practice of birth control

25. Women and Voting
1890, National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (Stanton and Anthony)
1900 new generation of women, Carrie Chapman Catt
Western states led by WY give women voting rights
NAWSA limited membership to white women only
Ida B. Wells leads anti-lynching crusade and National Association of Colored Women 1896
Clara Barton Founds the American Red Cross

26. WCTU/Anti-Saloon League
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Frances E. Willard
500,000 members by 1898
Anti-saloon League, 1893 by 1916 persuaded 21 states to close all saloons and bars

27. the
plains
indians

28. 1st Reservation Policy Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)
Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

29. Colonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

30. 80 soldiers massacred December 21, 1866
Capt. William J. Fetterman, The Sioux War
80 soldiers massacred December 21, 1866

31. 2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)
2nd Reservation Policy – smaller reservations
Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)
Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 – ends recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal govt.

32. Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory!
1874

33. Gen. George Armstrong Custer
The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876
Gen. George Armstrong Custer
Chief Sitting Bull

34. Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)
Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!
Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

35. A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Helen Hunt Jackson
A Century of Dishonor (1881)

36. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy
Designed to break up tribal organizations into plots of up to 160 acres (end tribal identities)
U.S. citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and led a “civilized life”
47 mil. acres distributed to Indians, 90 mil. acres of “best land” sold over the years to white settlers by the govt.
Policy was a failure
Indian population was 200,000 by the 20th C.
1924=US Citizenship to all Indians, 1934=FDR’s New Deal grants re-establishment of tribal organizations and culture
Carlisle Indian School, PA

37. Ghost dance participation linked to tribal resistance of assimilation
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890
Practice of the dance would unite the living with the spirits of the dead and bring peace and prosperity to all
Ghost dance participation linked to tribal resistance of assimilation

38. Battle of Wounded Knee, SD December, 1890
U.S. Army gunned down more than 200 American Indian men, women, and children
Final tragedy marked the end of the Indian Wars
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless body

39. Indian Reservations Today

40. The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)
Oklahoma Land Rush,1889
Frederick Jackson Turner
1890 US Census declares frontier had been settled
300 years of frontier experience shaped culture through individualism and independence
Frontier = Social Leveler
Free Land = Safety valve for releasing discontent in American society
Frontier = Fresh Start for many
The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)