1. BUILDING MATERIAL PALESTINE UNIVERSITY Steel Dr. Ali I. Tayeh ENG.EMAN ELSHAIKH KHALEEL Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture

2. LECTURE OUTLINES GENEARAL. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A CONSTRUCTION MAYERAIL. DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A CONSTRUCTION MAYERAIL. Chemical Composition of Structural Steels STEEL ALLOYS STEEL SECTIONS SIMPLE CONNECTIONS

3. STEEL General  Steel is a structural material which consists mostly of iron and carbon. It can, however, contain other additives which might change the steel's properties.  Steel can be hot rolled or cold formed into structural shapes, such as the familiar "I" beam.  Steel has the same strength in tension as it has in compression, unlike concrete.

4. STEEL General There are some tests for steel must be applied as : Tension test: this test used to measure the material properties of a steel. Beam bending test: this test used to measure the material properties of a specimenعينة and the effectiveness of the orientation of the beam.

5. Steel in architectural building The use of steel structures permits designers to experiment with many architectural forms and artistic expression which are more difficult to build in conventional concrete framed structures. With steel, more challenging and creative designs can now be considered leading to buildings that are aesthetically distinctive and if high build quality. A steel building is a metal structure with steel for the cladding and internal support. Such buildings are used for a variety of purposes including storage, office space and living space.

6. Advantages of steel as a construction material High load resisting القدرة على تحمل أحمال عالية High ductility مرونة عالية Easy control for steel structure سهل التحكم Elastic properties المرونة High quality.جودة عالية Aesthetic.الجمالية Low maintenance cost تكلفة الصيانة منخفضة Non combustible.غير قابل للاحتراق Strong, durable and stable. قوي ودائم ومستقر.

7. Enables good design and safety. Sustainable to temperature effects. Rigid and dimensionally stable. صارم وثابت الأبعاد Construction is fast compared to other materials. Resistant destructive insects' مقاومة للحشرات المدمرة. Cheaper than any other construction methods. Heat conductivity Advantages of steel as a construction material

8. Disadvantages of steel as a construction material 1.No ability to resist the fire 2.No ability to resist the corrosion 3.High cost

9. STEEL Chemical Composition of Structural Steels The primary types of structural steel are usually classified according to the following chemical composition categories: Carbon-manganese steels High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels High-strength quenched and tempered alloy steels

10. STEEL some elements used in structural steels: Carbon (C) Manganese (Mn) Aluminum (Al) Chromium (Cr) Columbium (Cb) Copper (Cu) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) Silicon (Si) Vanadium (V) Other chemical elements

11. Steel Material with Large Cross-section STEEL Structural Steel Sections Steel material with large cross-section

12. Thin Steel Plate:- STEEL Structural Steel Sections

13. STEEL Structural Steel Sections Tee Bares

14. STEEL Structural Steel Sections Flat bares Square bares Round bares Hexagon bares Square tubing

15. STEEL Structural Steel Sections Round ShaftingHoned Shafting I Beam Section

16. STEEL Structural Steel Sections

17. –Bar Size Shapes –Structural-Size Shapes –"W" Shapes –"HP" Shapes "L" Shapes STEEL Market forms of Steel "S" Shapes "C" Shapes "M" Shapes "MC" Shapes

18. SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Connections of structural steel members are of critical importance. An inadequate connection, which can be the "weak link" in a structure, has been the cause of numerous failures. Failure of structural members is rare; most structural failures are the result of poorly designed or detailed connections. The problem is compounded by the confusion that sometimes exists regarding responsibility for the design of connections. Modern steel structures are connected by weLding or bolting or by a combination of both. Welding has several advantages over bolting. A weLded connection is often simpler in concept and requires few, if any, holes. Connections that are extremely complex with fasteners can become very simple when welds are used.

19. SIMPLE CONNECTIONS In considering the behavior of different types of connections, The tension member splices shown below subject the fasteners to forces that tend to shear the shank of the fastener. Similarly, the weld shown below must resist shearing forces. The connection of a bracket to a column flange, as in next Figure, whether by fasteners or welds, subjects the connection to shear when loaded as shown.

20. SIMPLE CONNECTIONS

21. The nominal loads and load combinations shall be as stipulated by the applicable code under which the structure is designed or dictated by the conditions involved. In the absence of a code, the loads, including impact and crane loads, and load combinations, shall be those stipulated in ASCE 7. For design purposes, the loads stipulated by the applicable code or ASCE 7 shall be taken as nominal loads. STEEL Basic Definitions

22. STEEL Loads

23. Trusses are structures composed entirely of two force members. They consists generally of triangular sub-element and are constructed and supported so as to prevent any motion. STEEL Trusses

24. STEEL Trusses

25. STEEL END