2. What did Robert Hooke call the boxes that he observed in cork?
Cells

3. Why should I care?
This girl has just completed a storm roll, a safety manouver to right a qajaq without getting out. It is especially important in the excessively frigid arctic waters where eskimos regularly hunt for seals with nothing but qajaqs and harpoons.
Her hair and life-vest are full of water. What prevented the water in the river from being absorbed into her body as well? – skin
So what is so special about skin? Why is it waterproof? What is it made of?

4. So, what is a cell? Smallest functional unit that can support life
A bacterium is only one self-sustaining cell
You are made up of trillions of interdependent cells
Too small to see without a microscope

5. Problem?
Miss Apgar wants to view a bacterial cell that needs to be magnified 1000 times in order to see it. Her compound light microscope has a 10X ocular lens. Which objective lens should she use to see the bacterium?
_____________
Where is the ocular lens?
____________________
Where is the objective lens?
_________________

6. What do we remember about microscope history?
Robert Hooke
Named the cell
Cell – Structural and functional unit of life
Made sketches of the microscopic world

7. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Perfected a single lens microscope
Examined water and milk
Called creatures he saw “cavorting wee beasties”

8. Some More History Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Studied plants
Determined that all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann
Studied animals
Determined that all animals are made of cells

9. Some More History Rudolf Virchow German physician
Proposed that cells divide to form new cells
Used his theory to diagnose patients
Father of pathology
His theory was particularly useful for cancer diagnoses
Pathology – the study of disease and disease progression

10. Cell Theory - putting their work together
All organisms are made of cells
It can be one solitary cell or many cells working together
The cell is the basic unit of organization in living organisms
Even in complex organisms like humans, the cell is the basic unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells grow and divide, passing genetic information to the next generation of cells

11. How do we know that cells come from other cells?

13. Two types of cells… Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Simple interior
Considered to be the prototype
Eukaryotic cells
Complex interior
Considered to be the latest update

14. Prokaryotes Simple interior DNA in central nucleoid region
Cellular functions happen in open space
Single cell organisms
Bacteria
Archaea

16. Inside a Prokaryote The cytoplasm is where cell life takes place
DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid region
Ribosomes make proteins
The Flagellum provides transportation
Capsule, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane provide protection and support

17. Eukaryotes Complex interior
DNA is neatly packaged and protected by nucleus
Organelles perform cellular functions
Single and multiple cell organisms
Amoebas – single celled
You are a EU-karyote

18. 4 Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista
Write down examples of creatures from each kingdom

19. Inside a Eukaryote The cytoplasm is where the organelles are located
DNA is housed in the nucleus
Ribosomes make proteins
There are many other organelles each covered by a membrane
Each organelle has its own function
Cytoplasmic membrane provides protection

20. Venn Diagram Time… turn to page 22!

21. Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells

22. Your task now… Look on page 11 in your packet
Read “The Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell” (pgs 19-20)
Answer questions pages 21 and 22
Homework if you do not finish!!

24. More on the Eukaryote cell
Important terminology
DNA – genetic material
Organelle – cellular structures that carry out specific functions
Means “little organ”
Let’s break it down…

25. First up: the plasma membrane

26. The Cell Membrane The cell membrane is selectively permeable
Some things can pass but others can’t
Cell membranes are made from a phospholipid bilayer

27. Phospholipid Bilayer Structure
Each phospholipid has a polar head and two nonpolar tails
Polar head is attracted to water
Nonpolar tails are repelled by water
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains

28. Phospholipid Bilayer Function
Allows some things in and not others
Polar molecules do not easily pass
H2O is an exception because it is small
Keeps the outside out and the inside in
The plasma membrane is always in motion

29. Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid Mosaic Membrane is in motion
Membrane is flexible
Mosaic
There are molecules embedded in the bilayer
The scattered arrangement looks like a mosaic

31. Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells
Eukaryotic cell which makes up tissues in animals
Lack cell walls and chloroplasts, and have smaller vacuoles.
Appears to be circular because of the lack of a rigid cell wall.
Eukaryotic cell that makes up plants
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Large Vacuoles

32. Animal Cell

33. Plant Cell

34. Cell Wall Mesh of fibers that surrounds the plasma membrane
Protects and supports the cell
Made of carbohydrate, cellulose

35. Cytoplasm Semi-fluid material inside the plasma membrane
Consists of cytosol and the cellular organelles (all organelles except the cell nucleus)
Cytosol - fluid in which the cellular organelles are suspended

36. Cytoskeleton
Network of long, thin protein fibers provide an anchor for organelles
Microtubules-long hollow cylinders that assist in moving substances within the cell
Microfilaments-thin threads that give the cell shape and enable the cell to move
Cytoskeleton in
Red and Green

37. Nucleus Contains genetic material (DNA) Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores allow substances in and out
Nucleolus in center
Very dense center

38. Ribosomes Produce proteins Made of RNA and protein
Made in the nucleolus
Some float freely in the cytoplasm
Others attach to endoplasmic reticulum

39. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Interconnected network of tubules

40. Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Where ribosomes attach and make proteins
Appear to create bumps and rough areas on the membrane
No ribosomes
Produces complex carbohydrates and lipids

41. Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packs proteins in sacs called vesicles
Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane
They release proteins which move through membrane to get outside of the cell

42. Vacuoles Temporary storage for materials in the cytoplasm
Store, transport, or digest food and waste
Plant cells – 1 large vacuole
Animal cells – several little vacuoles

43. Lysosomes
Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles
They also digest bacteria and viruses that enter the cell
They are built in the Golgi apparatus.

44. Centrioles Made of Microtubules Found near nucleus Animal Cells only
Assembled right before replication
Aid in cell replication

45. Mitochondria Powerhouse Converts organic materials into energy
ATP
Outer and inner membranes with lots of folds
Provides large surface area to break sugar molecule bonds (produce energy)

46. Chloroplasts- Plant only
Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis

47. Photosynthetic Animals
found an animal that makes proteins essential for photosynthesis
Elysia chlorotica – sea slug that looks like a giant swimming leaf
Stole chloroplasts from algae it eats
can live up to 9 months without eating
Appears green because of stolen chlorophyll
Lives - Eastern coast of the United States and Canada

48. Cilia and Flagella Cilia- short, hair-like projections
Move back and forth like oars on a rowboat
Move substances along surface of the cell
Flagella- rather long hair-like projections
Whip-like motion
Both are composed of microtubules
Move cells through watery environment

51. Cell Transport Passive transport Active Transport Does not use energy
Goes with the concentration gradient
3 types
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
Requires energy
Goes against the concentration gradient
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

52. Cell Transport
Diffusion -net movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Doesn’t require energy because the particle are in motion  passive transport
Dynamic equilibrium- the overall concentration does not change, but molecules are still moving randomly

53. What affects the rate of diffusion?
What makes molecules move faster?
High temperature
High Pressure
High concentration

54. Facilitated Diffusion
Some ions and molecules can’t diffuse across the cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion – uses transport proteins to help move some molecules across the plasma membrane

55. Osmosis Osmosis – diffusion of water
Most cells undergo osmosis because they are surrounded by water

56. Hyper—Hypo– Iso tonic Solutions
These are comparing words
Hypertonic -more solute
Hypotonic- less solute
Isotonic- same solute as
What would happen if you
Put a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?
Put a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?
Put a red blood cell in an isotonic solution?

57. What happens to a red blood cell when…?

58. Active Transport Goes from low to high concentration Requires Energy
ATP
Moves large substances

59. Endocytosis
Endocytosis- moving large substances into the cell

60. Exocytosis
Exocytosis- moving large substances out of the cell