1. Pluralism

2. Growing awareness of the complexity of organization Refinement of interests and preoccupations of organization theorists

3. Theoretical Jungle Is, There, can There be, a track way Through this Jungle? Yes; But, Motion study  cultural anthropology

4. Can are arrange this knowledge in a kind of pattern?. Yes; Definition of management; getting things done for, with and through people.

5. 1. Knowledge about the things to be done, The work. 2. Knowledge about the people who do the work.

6. 1. Knowledge about the work 1-1. Knowledge about the Tasks we ask people to perform. 2-1. Knowledge about the relationships between the tasks we ask member of a group to perform.

7. 2. Knowledge about the people 1-2. Knowledge about the behavior of individual person. 2-2. Knowledge about the behavior of individual person as influenced by their membership in a social groups of all kinds.

8. Work processes Behavioral Processes Change Processes

9. Sequences of activities that transform inputs into outputs Accomplish the work of the organization Operational and administrative New – Product development, order fulfillment, strategic planning Widely shared patterns of behavior and ways of acting/interacting Infuse and shape the way work is conducted by influencing how individuals and groups behave Individual and interpersonal Decision making, communication, organizational learning Sequences of events over time Alter the scale, character, and identity of the organization Autonomous and induced, incremental and revolutionary Creation, growth, transformation, decline Definition Role Major categories Examples

16. Knowledge about the tasks we ask people to perform This knowledge about the tasks of individuals was developed from the engineering sciences-mathematics, physics, mechanics, mineralogy, etc. That is, F. W. Taylor started analyzing and measuring exactly what was involved in the task of an operator on a lathe. From these first studies, the applied science we call industrial or management engineering has developed.

17. Knowledge about the relationships between the tasks This Knowledge developed out of the economic sciences-geography, statistics, law, and the subject which used to be described as commerce. From these studies have developed a whole range of applied techniques- organization and methods, cost accounting, management accounting, budgetary control, and a whole range of new techniques centering around the use of computers.

18. Knowledge about the behavior of individual person This Knowledge about the behavior of individuals was developed out of the psychological sciences. But, these are comparatively modern studies. It was only in the last quartile of the 20th century that Freud and Adler in Austria and Jung in Switzerland began to develop psychology out of physiology, initially out of psychopathology, the study of the abnormal mind. The first book known to the writer on the application of modern psychology to industrial problems was the late Hugo Munsterberg's Psychology and Industrial Efficiency. It was closely followed by Lillian B. Gilbreth's The Psychology of Management. Pending the development of an adequate science of individual psychology, managers filled in with a series of empirical techniques described as industrial relations and personnel management

19. Knowledge about the behavior of individual person as influenced by their membership in a social groups of all kinds. It was not till some 25 years later, following on the Hawthorne Experiments, that attention really began to concentrate on human behavior in groups. These studies depended on a series of so-called "behavioral sciences"-anthropology, social psychology, sociology, and political theory, leading up to political science. Accompanying the development of these sciences was a whole body of empirical techniques described broadly as employee relations, customer relations, trade union relations, and public relations. Therefore knowledge about managing break down in four categories. Management, therefore, considered as a body of knowledge, rests on four groups of underlying sciences-the engineering sciences, the economic sciences, the sciences dealing with individual physiology and psychology, and the so-called "behavioural" or social sciences