1. End Show Slide 1 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands

3. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 3 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands The endocrine glands are scattered throughout the body. The human endocrine system regulates a variety of activities. Any improper functioning of an endocrine gland may result in a disease or a disorder.

4. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 4 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands The major glands of the endocrine system include: the pituitary gland the hypothalamus the thyroid gland the parathyroid glands the adrenal glands the pancreas the reproductive glands

5. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 5 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland What is the function of the pituitary gland?

6. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 6 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands.

7. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 7 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is a structure at the base of the skull. The gland is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

8. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 8 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland The Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary

9. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 9 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland

10. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 10 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland

11. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 11 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pituitary Gland

12. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 12 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hypothalamus What is the function of the hypothalamus?

13. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 13 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the part of the brain attached to the posterior pituitary. The hypothalamus controls the secretions of the pituitary gland.

14. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 14 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hypothalamus Pituitary gland

15. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 15 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is influenced by hormone levels in the blood and by sensory information. Interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system take place at the hypothalamus. The close connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland means that the nervous and endocrine systems act together to coordinate body activities.

16. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 16 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thyroid Gland What is the function of the thyroid gland?

17. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 17 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck and wraps around the upper part of the trachea. The thyroid gland has the major role in regulating the body's metabolism.

18. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 18 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thyroid Gland The thyroid produces thyroxine. Thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate of cells.

19. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 19 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thyroid Gland Larynx Thyroid gland Esophagus Trachea

20. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 20 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thyroid Gland Thyroid Disorders Hyperthyroidism: the body produces too much thyroxine. It is characterized by elevated temperature and metabolic rate, increased blood pressure, and weight loss. Hypothyroidism: the body produces too little thyroxine. It is characterized by lower temperature and metabolic rate, lack of energy, and weight gain. Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland. Caused by an iodine deficiency.

21. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 21 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Parathyroid Glands What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

22. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 22 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Parathyroid Glands The four parathyroid glands are found on the back surface of the thyroid gland. Hormones from the thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands act to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in the blood.

23. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 23 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and by increasing uptake of calcium from the digestive system. PTH affects other organ systems, promoting proper nerve and muscle function and bone structure.

24. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 24 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands

25. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 25 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands What is the function of the adrenal glands?

26. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 26 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are two pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of the kidneys, one gland on each kidney. The adrenal glands release hormones that help the body prepare for and deal with stress.

27. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 27 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands Adrenal gland Kidney

28. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 28 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands An adrenal gland has an outer part called the adrenal cortex and an inner part called the adrenal medulla. Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

29. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 29 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands Adrenal Cortex The adrenal cortex produces over 24 steroid hormones. The hormone aldosterone regulates reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions by the kidneys. The hormone cortisol controls the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

30. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 30 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla prepares the body for energy-intense activities. The two hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine.

31. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 31 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adrenal Glands Epinephrine and norepinephrine: increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to the muscles. cause air passageways to open wider, allowing for an increased intake of oxygen. stimulate the release of extra glucose into the blood to help produce a sudden burst of energy.

32. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 32 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas What is the function of the pancreas?

33. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 33 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It is a digestive gland whose secretions break down food. It produces insulin and glucagon.

34. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 34 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas Insulin and glucagon help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable.

35. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 35 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas Insulin stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen or fat. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.

36. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 36 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas Maintaining Blood Sugar Levels When glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin stimulates cells to take glucose out of the bloodstream.

37. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 37 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas Glucose taken out of circulation is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. In fat tissue, glucose is converted to lipids. When blood glucose level drops, glucagon is released from the pancreas.

38. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 38 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas Glucagon stimulates liver cells and skeletal muscles to break down glycogen and increase glucose levels. It causes fat cells to break down fats for production of carbohydrates. This makes more chemical energy available and helps raise the blood glucose level back to normal.

39. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 39 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus When the pancreas fails to produce or properly use insulin, diabetes mellitus occurs.

40. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 40 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproductive Glands What are the functions of the reproductive glands?

41. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 41 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproductive Glands The gonads are the body’s reproductive glands. The gonads serve two important functions: the production of gametes, and the secretion of sex hormones.

42. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 42 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproductive Glands The female gonads—the ovaries—produce eggs. The male gonads—the testes—produce sperm. The gonads also produce sex hormones.

43. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 43 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproductive Glands The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone prepares the uterus for the arrival of a developing embryo. Estrogen is needed for the development of eggs and for the formation of physical characteristics of the female body.

44. End Show 39-2 Human Endocrine Glands Slide 44 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproductive Glands The testes produce testosterone, which is needed for normal sperm production and development of male physical characteristics.

45. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 45 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2

46. End Show Slide 46 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results when the pancreas fails to produce or properly use a.glucose. b.insulin. c.glucagon. d.carbohydrate.

47. End Show Slide 47 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 Metabolism is regulated by a.thyroxine. b.parathyroid hormone. c.epinephrine. d.estrogen.

48. End Show Slide 48 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 The gonads are the body's a.target cells. b.exocrine glands. c.reproductive glands. d.reproductive cells.

49. End Show Slide 49 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 The endocrine glands responsible for maintaining homeostasis of calcium in the blood are the a.thyroid and parathyroid glands. b.adrenal and pituitary glands. c.hypothalamus and thyroid glands. d.gonads.

50. End Show Slide 50 of 50 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39-2 Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for a.the “fight or flight” response to stress. b.controlling the level of insulin in the blood. c.maintaining proper levels of sodium and potassium in the blood. d.regulating the water content of the body.

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