1. © life_edu Lecture 22 Part IIa. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology in the Genomics Era Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

2. Issues in Biotechnology: Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future OnCampus Live BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190 OnLine BCH 190 A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology A Public Access College Course The University of Rhode Island Kimberly Nelson Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us

3. © life_edu A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology The University of Rhode Island Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us BCH 190 Section II. The Applications of Biotechnology

4. © life_edu Lecture 20 Part Ia. Emergent Technologies: Where Do Our Medicines Come From? Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

5. © life_edu Lecture 21 Part Ib. Emergent Technologies: DNA-Based Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Drug Development Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

6. © life_edu Lecture 22 Part IIa. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology in the Genomics Era Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

7. © life_edu Lecture 23 Part IIb. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

8. The Problem of Human Suffering

9. PlatoAlbert Einstein EpicurusBertrand Russell SocratesMark Twain St. AugustineJohn Stuart Mill Martin LutherGandhi Thomas AquinasJohn Lennon Charles TempletonRichard Dawkins

10. Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Emergent Technologies Pharmaceutical Biotechnology In the Genomics Era

12. What’s a genome? A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including its genes. Genes carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms.

13. “For the last three and a half billion years, evolution has been taking notes” “Biology is undergoing one of the most fundamental revolutions that any science has seen. It’s changing from a purely laboratory science to an information-based science.” Eric Lander Bacteria Heamophilos influenza 1995 Round worm C. elegans 1999 Fruitfly Drosophila 2000 Human 2001 Genomes

14. The Human Genome Project

15. First Draft of the Human Genome February 15, 2001 ‘The accomplishment of landing on the moon pales in significance compared with the recent advances in DNA- based biotechnology’

18. The Chimpanzee Genome — A Bittersweet Celebration Maynard V. Olson and Ajit Varki Science 9 July 2004: 191-192.

19. The Chimpanzee Genome — A Bittersweet Celebration Maynard V. Olson and Ajit Varki Science 9 July 2004: 191-192 Beyond the Chimpanzee Genome: The Threat of Extinction Marc D. Hauser Science 2 September 2005: 1498-1499.

20. Gorilla Genome

21. Our understanding of the evolutionary relationships among species is made more accurate through analysis and comparison of the DNA sequences in their genomes

22. How do we explain the information in DNA out to an organism that can discuss it?

23. Genomic Technologies Genome Sequencing Measuring mRNA levels Measuring and Characterizing Proteins

24. Genomic Technologies Genomics Transcriptomics Proteomics

27. Comparative Genomics

28. Issues in Biotechnology The entire genomic sequences are now known for many species of bacteria, fungi, insects, plants and animals, including humans and chimpanzees. This vast amount of information has been published and is in the public domain. The genome databases aligned and the similarities and relations can be examined. Individual gene sequences can be searched to find striking similarities between species. These types of analyses have shown that humans are 98% similar in DNA sequence to the chimpanzee; 88% similar to mice and about 33% similar to the genes of a rice plant. This type of analysis is called: (A) transgenic analysis (B) comparative genomics (C) mutational analysis (D) functional genomics (E) DNA gold mining

30. What is Life? ?

31. An information processing system capable of replication with variation subject to selection by the environment

32. The Composition of Humans And Their Relationship To life Genomics Functional and Comparative Genomics

33. 17. Proteomics: (A) the study of all the proteins produced by an organism and their interactions (B) the study of the ecology of the Protista by molecular biology (C) one of the largest pharmaceutical biotechnology companies in the world (D)the exact measurement of protein structures using X-ray crystallography (E) a hoax perpetrated by molecular biologists about alien proteins

34. 18. Genetic predisposition to disease or drug response is the focus of what area of biotechnology? (A) Agricultural biotechnology (B) Forensics (C) Pharmacogenomics (D) Stem cell research (E) Animal cloning

35. 19. Recombinant DNA technology has been able to make what class of compounds as a new class of effective drugs? (A) muscle fibers (B) antibodies (C) lipids (D) Cox 2 inhibitors (E) homeopathic treatments

36. 20. What is a genome? (A) the genetics of small people (B) a genetic disease associated with small stature (C) all the DNA in an organism, including its genes (D) the absence of genetic markers with some body cells (E) the study of the information in a single gene