1. Carbon and Organic Compounds

2. The position of carbon in the periodic table.

3. Carbon’s Key Properties
Has a mid-range electronegativity value so it forms covalent bonds and shares electrons
Can form a maximum of four bonds
Can form chains, sheets, and rings
Usually combined with H and often bonds with O, S, N and P

4. Forms

5. HYDROCARBONS Carbon Skeletons and Hydrogen Skins
Each C can form a maximum of four single bonds, OR two single and one double bond, OR one single and triple bond.
The arrangement of C atoms determines the skeleton, so a straight chain and a bent chain represent the same skeleton.
Groups joined by single bonds can rotate, so a branch pointing down is the same as one pointing up.

6. C – C – C – C – C | C The Other Carbon Bonds
If carbon is not bound to anything else in an organic compound, it will be attached to hydrogen.
C – C – C – C – C | C

7. Ways of depicting formulas and models of an alkane.

8. Some five-carbon skeletons.
ring
Some five-carbon skeletons. C
single bonds
double bond C C C C C C C C C C C C

9. Saturated and Unsaturated
When the carbon in organic compounds forms only single bonds we say that the compound is saturated (can’t add anything more).
If there are double or triple bonds, these can be broken to add more atoms. In this case we say that the compound is unsaturated.

10. Isomers
When two compounds have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas they are called isomers.
There are many kinds of isomers depending on where the carbons are placed and how bonds are arranged.

11. Isomers and Vision
If you take beta carotene and split the molecule, you get 2 Vitamin A molecules. These are related to retinal.
Retinal changes form when a photon of light strikes it.

12. Depicting cycloalkanes.
cyclobutane
cyclopropane

14. Boiling points of the first 10 unbranched alkanes.

15. An analogy for optical isomers.

19. Some molecules with the alcohol functional group.

20. Some common aldehydes and ketones.
methanal (formaldehyde) used to make resins in plywood, dishware, countertops; biological preservative
ethanal (acetaldehyde)
narcotic product of ethanol metabolism; used to make perfume, flavors, plastics, other chemicals
benzaldehyde artificial almond flavoring
2-propanone (acetone) solvent for fat, rubber, plastic, varnish, lacquer; chemical feedstock
2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) important solvent

21. Some molecules with the carboxylic acid functional group.
methanoic acid (formic acid)
an irritating component of ant and bee stings
butanoic acid
(butyric acid)
odor of rancid butter; suspected component of monkey sex attractant
octadecanoic acid
(stearic acid)
found in animal fats; used in making candles and soap
benzoic acid calorimetric standard; used in preserving food, dyeing fabric, curing tobacco

22. Some lipid molecules with the ester functional group.
cetyl palmitate
the most common lipid in whale blubber
tristearin
typical dietary fat used as an energy store in animals
lecithin
phospholipid found in all cell membranes

23. Polymers Long chain molecules made of small repeating units
Can be made by addition reactions (adding molecules) or condensation (splitting something out and joining the pieces.
Building polymers….

26. Crosslinking
Some polymers make bridges across chains rather than just adding to chains. These are “cross-linked” polymers.
Some cross-links are covalent bonds and are permanent. Some links are made with intermolecular forces and can be broken more easily (like the alginate worms).