1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. Photosynthesis
Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and High Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & Starches

3. The Photosynthesis Equation

4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
THYLAKOIDS
GRANUM (pl. grana)
= sac-like
photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids
membranes
inside chloroplast

5. SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA cytoplasm
Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding
thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space
Inside the
thylakoid
sac
cytoplasm
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called
_____________________
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
PHOTOSYSTEMS

7. Pigments
In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments
Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs
Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts

8. Light and Pigments Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths
Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors

9. Light & Pigments
Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light
Energy from light “excites” electrons in the plant’s pigments
Excited electrons carry the absorbed energy

11. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water
ATP
NADPH
Light-Independent
Reactions

12. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
ATP SYNTHASE
INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA

13. ↓ ↓ WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I?
It was discovered and named 1st
PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I

14. REMEMBER DIFFUSION? Molecules move automatically from
where there’s A LOT
to where there’s NOT

15. = ________________________
Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another
= ________________________
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

16. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION

17. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
Pigments that absorb light are part of ____________________________
Made up of ____________________________
connected by ______________________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to create
_______ and
_________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP
NADPH
H20
oxygen

18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
(CH2O)n
Carbon Dioxide
Light-Independent Reactions
CALVIN CYCLE

19. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

20. Click the image to play the video segment.
Calvin Cycle (8E)
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 5

21. Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
See Calvin cycle animation
Sugars and other compounds

22. CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________ LIGHT INDEPENDENT
(also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in the _________ between thylakoids
NADPH donates ________________________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ____________________
to make __________
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
DOES NOT
LIGHT
STROMA
Hydrogen + electrons
ENERGY
Carbon & oxygen
GLUCOSE

23. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
slow or stop
Desert plants and conifers
that live in dry conditions
have a waxy coating on
their leaves to prevent
water loss.

24. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
TEMPERATURE
Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry out
photosynthesis only occasionally

25. Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
or TOO HOT cause proteins
to unwind or _________ pH
temperature
DENATURE

26. Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work
HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function.
Image from:

27. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis
See effect of light experiment

28. THE BIG PICTURE sugars OXYGEN Carbon dioxide Sugars WATER Oxygen
PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
the _____________ we breathe
and the __________
heterotrophs (like us)
consume to survive
OXYGEN
sugars
Carbon dioxide
Sugars
WATER
Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

29. Concept Map Photosynthesis Section 8-3 includes takes place in uses
take place in
to produce of
to produce

30. Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars

31. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis:
The students will be able to:
explain the biochemical processes that a plant uses in photosynthesis
explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1)
explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1)
explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

32. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

33. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle;
analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle;
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment;
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
recognize that different structures perform different functions;
define homeostasis;

34. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things.
9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle

35. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.
9-12.L.1.2A. (Synthesis) Describe how living systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
9-12.L.1.4A. (Application) Identify factors that change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions.