1. REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html

2. REMEMBER BIO 1 http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

3. Remember from CELL BIO Enzymes for PHOTOSYNTHESIS are in the ________________ CHLOROPLASTS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

4. See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 1) 8C

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS = sac-like photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids membranes inside chloroplast THYLAKOIDS GRANUM (pl. grana) Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

6. SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA cytoplasm http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG Gel-filled space Inside the thylakoid sac Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding thylakoid sac Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize ________________________________ into clusters called _____________________ PHOTOSYSTEMS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG Light absorbing PIGMENTS

8. LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS Molecule that carries = _______ Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS = ___________ ATP NADP + Images by Riedell

9. ________ + _____ + _____ → ____________ HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too ____________ is one of the carriers that cells use to transport high energy electrons. NADP + 2 e - H+H+ _______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions Light & Water Oxygen ATP NADPH

11. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS PHOTOSYSTEM II ATP SYNTHASE ↓ ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM I ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ↓ INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

12. PHOTOSYSTEM II It was discovered and named 1st ↓ ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM I WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I? Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

13. See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 2) 8D

14. Molecules move automatically from “where there’s A LOT” to “where there’s NOT” Animatioin from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif REMEMBER CELL BIO http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

15. REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another = ________________________ CONCENTRATION GRADIENT http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

16. REMEMBER CELL BIO …as long as membrane will let molecule through Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

17. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

18. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Requires ______________ Molecules are part of ________________ Made up of __________________ connected by ______________________ & ___________________ Uses light energy to change ADP + P → _______ NADP + + 2e - + H + → _________ Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________ LIGHT ATP THYLAKOID membranes PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN NADPH H20H20 oxygen ATP SYNTHASE

19. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions CALVIN CYCLE Light & Water Oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide (CH 2 O) n

20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

21. Go to Section: Video 5 Click the image to play the video segment. Calvin Cycle (8E)

22. CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Calvin Cycle See Calvin cycle animation

23. CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________) ____________ require ____________ Happens in _________ between thylakoids NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO 2 donates ______________ to make __________ LIGHT LIGHT INDEPENDENT ENERGY STROMA Hydrogen + electrons Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html DOES NOT

24. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis ____________________ Water is one of the raw materials needed, so A shortage of water can ________________ photosynthesis AMOUNT OF WATER http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss. slow or stop

25. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop Conifers in winter may carry out photosynthesis only occasionally TEMPERATURE http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

26. Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________. Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC or TOO HOT cause proteins to unwind or _________ pH temperature DENATURE http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpghttp://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg REMEMBER CELL BIO

27. Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work Image from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function.

28. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis ____________________ More light increases rate of photosynthesis up to a certain level until plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis LIGHT INTENSITY See effect of light experiment http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm

29. THE BIG PICTURE PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides the _____________ we breathe and the __________ heterotrophs (like us) consume to survive _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ Carbon dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen OXYGEN sugars

30. Go to Section: Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Section 8-3 Concept Map

31. Go to Section: Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Thylakoid membranes StromaNADPH ATP Energy from sunlight ATPNADPHO2O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Section 8-3 Concept Map

32. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis: The students will be able to: explain the biochemical processes that a plant uses in photosynthesis explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1) explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1) explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

33. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

34. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle; analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle; predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); recognize that different structures perform different functions; define homeostasis;

35. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.

36. Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things. 9-12.L.1.2A. (Synthesis) Describe how living systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. 9-12.L.1.4A. (Application) Identify factors that change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE