1. Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

2. Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area
Receives impulse from Wernicke’s Area and converts it into motor commands.
Damage: disrupts speaking
Person can understand language
Words may not be properly formed
Speech is slow and slurred.
Patients may get frustrated because they know that something is wrong.
Wernicke’s Area
The area in our brain that allows understanding of spoken and written language.
It is the part that enables a person to interpret language, so damage to this part causes the person to become unaware of his own speech and the speech of others.
Sometimes the person can speak clearly, but the words that are put together make no sense. This way of speaking has been called "word salad" because it appears that the words are all mixed up like the vegetables in a salad.
Might use complete nonsense words.
Often not aware of their problem.

3. Examples of Aphasia – Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area

4. The Cerebrum: _____ Hemispheres, _____ Lobes
Cerebral Hemispheres – two specialized halves connected by the corpus callosum.
Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing
Right hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition
The cerebrum is divided into two specialized hemispheres that are connected by the corpus collosum. The corpus collosum is a thick band of fibers (axons) that transmits information between the hemispheres. FOUR
Researchers using split brain methodology (severing of the corpus collosum) have learned that each hemisphere is specialized for different functions, with left usually dominant for language and right for spatial skills.
Each hemisphere has four lobes: occipital – where the primary visual cortex is located, parietal – where the primary somatosensory cortex is located, temporal – where the primary auditory cortex is located, and frontal – where the primary motor cortex and executive control system is located.

5. The Corpus Callosum: communication between hemispheres
If you were to pull the two halves of the brain apart along the fissure, about midway down you would see a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum.
This bundle of fibers is made up of several million myelinated axons and it is what allows each half of the brain _____________ with the other half.
Axons…..communicate….bundle of fibers is shown

6. Split-Brain
Doctors severed the corpus callosum of patients with epileptic seizures
Seizures all but eliminated
Patients now have split brains
How did this surgery impact their personality and intellect? .

7. It’s Opposite Day!
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. The left hemisphere controls movement and sensation on the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
When it comes to our vision, this is a little different. Our eyeballs are basically divided into two halves, one half from each eye sends information to one half of our brain.
Because the two halves of our brains communicate, we end up understanding the whole picture instantly.

8. Split-Brains
Read on page – Examine Diagrams

9. Right Brain/Left Brain: Visual Input

10. Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

11. Divided Consciousness

12. Try This!
Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously.
Watch this man’s experiments in action!
BBC

13. Hemisphere Dominance and “Handedness”
Many psychologists believe that a person can be “Right-brain dominant” or “left-brain dominant,” where that side of their brain tends to influence them more than the other
Take the dominance quiz to see your results.
“Handedness” –
Lefties- The right hemisphere dominates, so odds are they will be better at and deal more with their right hemisphere. This increases the chances that they will do well in art, music, architecture, etc.
Righties- The left hemisphere dominates, so odds are they will be better at and deal more with their left hemisphere. This increases the chances that they will do well in verbal activities, debate, logic, writing, etc.
There is no real evidence for “right-brain” or “left-brain” people, or handedness for that matter…but it is still interesting to consider!

14. Figure 3.16 Structures and areas in the human brain
Recap
For more information, see
Figure Structures and areas in the human brain

15. Figure 3.19 The cerebral cortex in humans