2. The Classical Music Periods There were no such things as musical periods when the music was written and performed in the last 1500 years; only music that was in style and music that was not. Since then, historians have grouped similar- sounding styles into periods according to their time and characteristics.

3.  An artistic and intellectual movement that began in Rome, Italy about 1600 and quickly spread to most of Europe, lasting until about 1750.  The Baroque style emphasized movement and drama in art, sculpture, architecture, literature and music.

4. 1607 : Jamestown, Virginia established—first permanent English colony on American mainland. Pocahontas saves life of John Smith. 1620 : Pilgrims in Mayflower land at Plymouth Rock. 1732 : Benjamin Franklin begins publishing Poor Richard's Almanack.

5. 1611 : King James Version of the Bible published in England. 1618-48 : Thirty Years' War German Protestants revolt against Pope. 1642-58 : English Civil War. King is executed and Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector. 1661 : Louis XIV “Sun King” begins rule as absolute monarch. 1685 : “Glorious Revolution” in England. William & Mary become co-King- Queen

6. 1610 : Galileo sees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope 1618 : Kepler proposes last of three laws of planetary motion. 1644. Descartes's Principles of Philosophy. 1684 : Leibniz's calculus published. 1740 : Capt. Vitus Bering discovers Alaska.

7.  A patron is a wealthy person or institution that pays for an artist or musician’s living so they can focus on doing their art.  Since Medieval times, Churches and Nobles were the only patrons who paid musicians to create and perform music.  Churches paid organists, choir directors, soloists and composers to write and perform music for their worship services.  Nobles paid musicians and composers to write and perform dance music for their private balls and concerts.

8.  Towards the end of the Baroque additional patrons began to emerge from the growing middle class.  Composers began to publish and sell sheetmusic books (mostly keyboard) for instruction and leisure.  Instead of just performing them for nobles, composers opened opera companies in large cities, selling tickets to middle-class public.

9.  Musical texture is the way the song’s different performers go together.  Counterpoint : When a song has multiple parts that are different but interact together. (A kind of polyphony) Example: Rose Red/Ah Poor Bird  Homophony : When one or more parts play the melody and the other parts play accompaniment. Example: “Jesu, Joy of My Desiring”

10. Because Italy was the major center for music in the Renaissance & Baroque, many composers went down there to study and perform. For this reason, many musical terms are in Italian, even today.

11.  “Piano” = soft  “Forte” = loud  “Mezzo” = medium  “--issimo” = very. (pianissimo = very soft)  “pp” = pianissimo  “p” = piano  “mp” = mezzo piano  “mf” = mezzo forte  “f” = forte  “ff” = fortissimo Dynamics is the level of loud/softness in music.

12.  Grave = extremely slow  Largo = very slow  Adagio = slow  Andante = “walking”  Moderato = moderate  Allegro = fast  Presto = very fast Tempo means “time” in Italian and indicates the speed of the beat.

14. Baroque String Instruments From smallest & highest to biggest and lowest: Violin Viola Cello (sometimes called “violincello”)

15. Baroque Woodwind Instruments From left to right: Flute Oboe English Horn Clarinet Bassoon

16.  French Horn (round)  Trumpet (highest)  Trombone (long slide)  Tuba (hadn’t been invented yet)

17.  Organ (oldest keyboard instrument)  Harpsichord (plucked strings)  Clavichord (small, house- hold instrument)  Piano (aka. Pianoforte; invented 1700s)

18.  Recorders (came in different sizes)  Lute (ancestor of the guitar)