1. Atoms, Molecules Atoms are made of 3 parts, ELECTRONS, PROTONS and NEUTRONS – Electrons are negatively charged – Protons are positively charged – Neutrons are neutral (no charge

2. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom Electrons are located in the electron could of an atom

3. Elements are the simplest substance containing the same kind of atoms Elements are different by the number of protons they have The six most common elements include: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Sulfur

4. Bonding Basics Ionic Bonds – Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Covalent Bond: Formed when one or more electrons are shared between atoms

5. Ion: – These positively and negatively charged atoms are known as ions Compounds: – A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

6. Molecules: – The smallest unit of most compounds How many electrons can he held in the 1 st shell? 2 How many electrons can be held in the 2 nd shell? 8 How many electrons can be held in the 3 rd shell? 8 When an electron is lost, an elements charge becomes more ____________________________ When an electron is gained, an elements charge becomes more __________________________

7. When an electron is lost, an elements charge becomes more positively When an electron is gained, an elements charge becomes more negatively Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell used in bonding of atoms

8. Water Water Everywhere

9. Water is the only natural substance found in all three states, SOLID, LIQUID and GAS Water is also a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: Meaning it dissolves more substances than any other liquid

10. Water has a unique structure, which is why water molecules are attracted to other water molecule-adhesion. This explains why water drops are in fact, drops Water becomes less dense when it freezes, which is unusual for liquids

11. Water has the highest surface tension among common liquids. Surface tension is the ability of a substance to stick to itself Neutral water has a pH of 7

12. Structure The structure of a water molecule: – It has 1 Oxygen atom – It has 2 Hydrogen atoms – They are covalently bonded to each to each other to create a molecule – Which means they share electrons

13. Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen atoms (with slightly positive charge) in the water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules (negatively charged oxygen atoms) They can also happen between hydrogen and other atoms

14. Lets draw a water molecule

15. The Importance of Carbon Most molecules that make up living things are based on carbon atoms Carbon can form up 4 covalent bonds Carbon based molecules are molecules which have one or more carbon to carbon bonds in them Carbon-based molecules have three basic structures, Chain, Branched and ringed

16. Structure of Carbon Many carbon-based molecules have parts that make up bigger molecules. Each part is called a Monomer Mono means one

17. When monomers are linked together, they form molecules called polymers Poly means many A polymer can also be a macromolecule which is a LARGE molecule The monomers that make up a polymer can all be the same or they can be different

18. When monomers are linked together, they form molecules called polymers Poly means many A polymer can also be a macromolecule which is a LARGE molecule The monomers that make up a polymer can all be the same or they can be different

19. Carbohydrates Fruits and grains both contain large amounts of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are molecules made up of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN

20. Sugars and starches are both types of carbohydrates. These carbohydrates can be broken down to produce energy in cells

21. The most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars. Many simple sugars have five or six carbon atoms. The most familiar type of simple sugar is Glucose

22. Glucose is a monosaccharide, which means that it contains ONE sugar unit Fructose and glucose are both sugars that have six carbon atoms. T The sugar that you might use in the kitchen is made of two sugar molecules bonded together

23. Many glucose molecules bonded together form polymers such as STARCH These polymers are called polysaccharides