1. The Blood

2. Blood Liquid connective tissue Hemotology: study of blood, flood forming tissues, and associated disorders

3. Physical Characteristics Red Viscous Fluid Temperature is 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Farienheit pH 7.35-7.45 Salt Content:.8 -.9 % Approximately 8% of body mass Volume 5-6 Liters (10-12 pints)

4. Functions 1. Transport: – A. Gasses: oxygen and carbon dioxide – B. Nutrients – C. Wastes – D. Regulating factors: hormones and enzymes 2. Heat dissipation 3. Maintenance of Acid/Base equilibrium 4. Protects from loss of volume (clotting mechanisms 5. Protection from disease/toxins/microbes

5. Formed Elements 1. Erythrocytes ( Red blood corpusels) RBC’s  Most abundant  Females: 4.9 million/drop  Males: 5 million/drop  Biconcave disc  1.1 x 7.7 x 2.2 micrometers  Flexible membrane (bag of hemoglobin (Hb) no nucleus)  Fetal hemoglobin is replaced by adult Hb

6. Hemoglobin Heme: iron = oxygen carrier Globin: protein Hb + Oxgen = oxyhemoglobin  90% of oxygen is carried this way Hb + Carbon dixoide = carboxyhemoglobin  30% of carbon dioxide is carried this way  The rest is HCO 3 anion dissolved

7. Red Blood Cell Life span: 120 days – Then removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver or one marrow – Hemoglobin is then converted by the liver to billireuben – RBC are produced and destroyed at 2 million/second Erythropoeisis: RBC formation – Stimulated by a lack of oxygen in tissues (hypoxia) – Kidney’s release Renal Erythropoetic factor- which stimulates plasma protein to become Erythropeotin- which stimulated the bone marrow

8. Hematocrit (HCt) Measure of the % of RBC’s present :  Females: 40-54 %  Males: 38-47% Anemia: lack of circulating Red Blood Cells Polycythemia: excess of Red Blood Cells

9. Formed Elements The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Figure 11-2

10. Leukocytes: WBC Have a nucleus No definite shape Exhibit ameoboid action(move independently)

11. Types of Leukocytes 1. Granulocytes- formed in bone marrow A. Neutrophils: most numerous 60-70% A. phagocytic cells B. Contain amino acids with a wide range of antibiotic activity B. Eosinophils ( acidophiles) release chemical inhibitors that combat histamines, leave the vessel to phagocytes immune complexes produced by allergic response and specific parasitic infections 2-4 % of WBC’s C. Basophils: tissue mass cells that release histamine and seratonin, initiate and intensify the immune response (.5 to 1% of WBC) short life span

12. 2. Agranulocytes (lymphatic tissue) D. Lymphocytes: responsible for specific immunity by antibiotics and sensitized cells D. 20-25% of WBC count long life span (years) E. Monocytes: large phagocytes activated by invasion of foreign protein 3-8% of WBC count Normal WBC count: 5,000 to 10,000/drop Leukopenia- abnormally low level of WBC Leukocytosis- increased (desired) in the number of WBC’s (means body is fighting off disease) Leukemia- malignancy- loss of control over the # and maturity of WBC’s

14. 3. Thrombocytes: formed element platelets: round/oval disk without a nucleus fragile membrane Function: 1. initiate clotting mechanism 2. 5-9 day life span 3. 250,000 to 400,000/drop

15. Matrix: Plasma Makes up 55% of whole blood  Components  1. water= 91.5%  2. proteins= 7% Albumin- osmotic pressure Globulins- antibodies produced by plamsa cells Fibrogens- formed in the liver  3. Non-protein/Nitrogen Solutes NPN waste products (urea, uric acid, creatine)  4. Nutrients: fatty acids Glycerol, glucose, amino acids, Ions sodium, potasium, clorine, phosphate, calcium  5. Regulating Factors; endocrine hormones, enzymes, vitamins

17. Hemostasis (stop the bleeding) 1. Vascular Spasm: when damage occurs: the smooth muscle in a blood vessel wall contracts- stopping or reducing blood flow for 30 minutes 2. Platelet Plug- (capillaries) when thrombocytes come in contact with rough surfaces they become sticky adhering to the vessel wall and each other  Stops bleeding in capillaries and small vessels 3. Coagulation “cascade reaction” Syneresis: loss of water by fibrin pulls wound edges together. Plasminogen: plasmin dissolves the clot Embolus: clot that travels Coronary embolism Pulmonary embolism Cranial embolism (CVA) stroke

19. The Structure of a Blood Clot Figure 11-9

20. Blood Types Agglutination: clumping of incompatible blood types RBC: agglutinogens A, B Type A: AA, AO Type B: BB, BO Type AB: AB Type O: OO ( Drawing)

22. Rh Factor: D ++, +-, -- Erythroblastosis Fetalis: destruction of Fetal Rh+ RBC in an Rh- mother, may result in anemia or death Rhogam to prevent

23. Other Blood Group Markers MN Blood Group co-dominant M (mm) N (nn) MN (mn) autosomal not significant in transfusions HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigen 30,000,000 HLA Genotypes Rejection of Tissues