1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 10 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Blood

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood  The only fluid tissue in the human body  Connective tissue: living cells & non-living matrix  Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red  Oxygen-poor blood is dull red, violet, blue  pH must remain between 7.35–7.45  Composed of approximately 90 percent water, and dissolved substances: Nutrients, Salts (metal ions), Respiratory gases (CO2, O2), Hormones, Proteins, Waste products

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Proteins Proteins found in blood plasma (fluid part of blood)  Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure  Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured  Antibodies – help protect the body from antigens Living cells found in blood  Erythrocytes = red blood cells (RBCs)  Leukocytes = white blood cells (WBCs)  Platelets = cell fragments

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Erythrocytes (RBCs)  The main function is to carry oxygen  Donut biconcave disk shape  Contain hemoglobin (iron containing protein) that binds to oxygen  Anucleate (no nucleus)  Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Leukocytes (WBCs)  Crucial in the body’s defense against disease  Have nucleus; can move by ameboid motion  Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues  Normal levels: 4,000 and 11,000 cells per ml  Abnormal leukocyte levels:  Leukocytosis: Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml  Generally indicates an infection  Leukopenia: Abnormally low leukocyte level  Commonly caused by certain drugs

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Leukocytes  Granulocytes  Neutrophils: phagocytes (ungulf) infectious cells, materials  Eosinophils: respond to allergies, parasites  Basophils: have histamine, cause inflammation  Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes: important in immune response  Monocytes: largest WBC, macrophages that attack infectious agents, fight chronic infection Figure 10.4

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Platelets  Needed for the clotting process  Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm 3

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Cells Erythrocytes, (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), platelets

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation  Occurs in red bone marrow  Blood cells derive from stem cell - hemocytoblast  Erythrocytes last 100 to 120 days, eliminated in spleen or liver. Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts.  The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation, then bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Hemostasis: stoppage of blood flow from broken blood vessel  Three phases of hemostasis (clotting)  Platelet plug formation – platelets pile up and form plug in vessel  Vascular spasms – serotonin hormone release causes vessels to narrow, reduce blood loss  Coagulation – thrombin enzyme triggers hairlike fibrin to form meshwork of clot.

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Clotting  Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood disorders Blood Disorders:  Thrombus: clot in an unbroken blood vessel  Can be deadly in areas like the heart  Embolus: A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream, can clog other vessels  Thrombocytopenia: Platelet deficiency  Hemophilia  Hereditary bleeding disorder  Normal clotting factors are missing

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Blood Groups Human Blood Groups: ABO  Based on the presence or absence of 2 antigens – Type A and Type B.  If you have A antigen you have Type A blood, if you have B antigen you have type B blood.  If you have both A and B antigen - Type AB  The lack of these antigens is called Type O  Blood transfusions must use compatible blood types. If transfused with an unrecognizable antigen, immune system will attack/reject blood

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Transfusions  Blood Transfusions

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rh Blood Groups  Based on presence or absence of Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)  Most Americans are Rh +  Problems can occur in mixing Rh + blood into a body with Rh – blood, cells might be attacked.  Pregnancy: Danger if mom is Rh – and dad is is Rh +, and child inherits the Rh + factor. Mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh + blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ADD TO NOTES:  LEUKEMIA: Cancer of bone marrow. Produces large numbers of immature/dysfunctional WBCs. Body becomes easy prey to disease.  ANEMIA: Decreased oxygen carrying ability of RBCs. Can be due to deficient hemoglobin, low number of RBCs, low iron diet.  SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Genetic disorder. RBCs shaped like crescent, can’t carry oxygen as well. Causes fatigue, risk of clumping