1. Chapter 13
The Blood

2. Introduction Specialized connective tissue Plasma: fluid part (55%)
Formed blood cells (45%)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

3. Functions of the Blood

4. Functions of the Blood (cont’d.)
Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones
Regulates: body pH, body temperature
Clotting mechanism
Protection against foreign microbes and toxins
Osmosis

5. The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma

6. The Classification of Blood Cells
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
95% of the volume of blood cells
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular: monocytes, lymphocytes
Thrombocytes: platelets

7. The Composition of Plasma
Fluid portion of blood is 91% water
Plasma proteins: 7%
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
Plasma solutes: 2%
Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones

8. Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis

9. Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis (cont’d.)
Produced in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes and monocytes produced by
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Stem cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

10. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions

11. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
Erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
No nucleus
Contain hemoglobin
Heme: binds O2
Globin: binds CO2

12. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
Phagocytize foreign substances
Eosinophils
Produce antihistamines
Basophils
Produce heparin, histamine, serotonin

13. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
Agranular leukocytes
Monocytes
Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris
Macrophages: in tissues
Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

14. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
Thrombocytes or platelets
Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus
Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels damaged
Produced from large megakaryocytes

15. The Clotting Mechanism

16. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
Ruptured blood vessel attracts Thrombocytes 
Damaged tissue releases Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin + Ca+, ions, and proteins
Prothrombin activator + Ca+  Prothrombin 
Thrombin  Fibrinogen  Fibrin

17. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net
Platelets get enmeshed
Syneresis: clot retraction
Fibrinolysis: dissolution of blood clot

18. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
Thrombosis: unwanted clotting
Embolus: circulating blood clot
Infarction
Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply

19. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
Needs Fig 13-5

20. Animation – Blood
Click Here to Play Blood Animation

21. The Blood Groups

22. Introduction Human blood is of different types
Only certain combinations are compatible
Agglutination: clumping of RBCs
Occurs when blood groups mismatched
Transfusion reaction

23. The ABO Blood Group Type A Type B Type AB Anti-B antibodies
Anti-A antibodies
Type AB
No antibodies

24. The ABO Blood Group (cont’d.)
Type O
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

25. The Rh Blood Group Eight Rh antigens Antigen D: most important
Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure
Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive baby
Erythroblastosis fetalis
RhoGAM - protects Rh-positive fetus

26. Summary Described the functions of blood
Classified blood cells into different groups based on anatomy and function
Discussed how and where blood cells are formed
Explained the clotting mechanism
Named the different blood groups