1. Ch. 19: Blood Fluid connective tissue with cells suspended in a fluid matrix

2. Cardiovascular system Cardio = heart; acts as pump Vascular = series of tubes; connections Body has over 75 trillion total cells

3. 19.1 Functions of Blood TRANSPORT and DELIVERY of nutrients like sugar and amino acids, O2, elimination of wastes like NH4 ▫Cells without blood supply die in about 4 minutes DEFENSE of the body ▫Antigens and antibodies of immune system REGULATION of ions and pH CLOTTING to decrease blood volume lost Regulation of TEMPERATURE

4. Physical Characteristics of Blood “whole blood” 38 C or 100 F 5X viscosity of water 7.35 – 7.45 pH Volume = 7% of mass ▫150 pounds = roughly 5 L ( or 5 quarts)  5 liters is about 11 pints ▫Full grown adult male – 5 to 5.5 L ▫Full grown adult female – 4 to 5 L

6. 19.2 Plasma 46 – 63 % of blood volume ▫7 % proteins = albumin (60% for pressure), globulin (35 % antibodies), fibrinogen (4 % clotting), mostly from the liver ▫1 % solutes = fatty acids, amino acids, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, HCO3, HPO4, SO4 ▫92 % water Ringer’s solution ▫Isotonic saline solution used to maintain volume; doesn’t carry any O2 Artificial Blood – current research

7. 19.3 Formed elements 37 – 54 % of blood ▫< 1 % platelets ▫< 1% WBC (white blood cells) ▫99% RBC (red blood cells)

8. 19.3 Red Blood Cells 260 million RBS in every ‘drop’ of blood Total amount ~ 25 trillion RBCs in 5 L 1000 RBC : 1 WBC Biconcave disc for maximum SA : Vol Stack as they go through capillaries Lose nuclei – so can not divide Last 120 days ( 700 miles) Formed in red marrow, liver, spleen, thymus by erythropoiesis Recycled by liver, spleen and marrow

10. 19.4 Blood Typing Over 50 surface antigens Only usually worry about A/B and Rh +/- Is blood is mis-matched agglutination (clumping or clotting) will occur Type (genetic genotype) antigen antibodies get given to ▫“A” (AA, AO) A B A, O A ▫“B” (BB, BO) B A B, O B ▫“AB” (AB) A and B none A, B, AB, O AB ▫“O” (OO) “zero” A and B O All

13. 19.5 White Blood Cells White because lack hemoglobin ( leuko = white) Seen with Wrights stain All can migrate through connective tissues All can do amoeboid movement All have positive chemotaxis Neutrinophils, eosinophils and monocytes can all perform phagocytosis.

14. WBC Types Granular ▫Neutrinophils; 1 st to injury, nonspecific ▫Eosinophils; attack cells with anitbodies, parasitic infections, nonspecific, increase during allergic reactions ▫Basophils; histamine, dilation of blood vessels, nonspecific Agranular ▫Monocytes; phagocytic, nonspecific ▫Lymphocytes ; specific immune reactions  T cells – cell mediated immunity  B cells – humoral immunity  Killer cells – immune system surveillance

16. 19.6 Platelets Cell fragments Used to help form clots ▫Chemical reaction ▫Physical patch ▫Shrink clot

17. 19.7 Clotting vs. Shock Clotting ▫Vessel contracts ▫Platelets aggregate and form plug ▫Need vitamin K and Ca +2 to form clots ▫Prostaglandins – regulate clotting ▫Heparin – impedes clotting ▫Aspirin (NSAIDS) – decrease prostaglandins, increase bleeding time Shock ▫Loss of blood so that pressure can not be maintained