1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 7 Gastroenterology

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Digestive System

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Steps in the Process of Digestion 1.Teeth chew food –masticat/ion 2.Saliva combines with food 3.Tongue pushes food into throat –Pharynx

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Steps in the Process of Digestion 4.Smooth muscle contractions push food down esophagus to stomach –ingest/ion 5.Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with food in stomach 6.Broken down food moves to duodenum

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Steps in the Process of Digestion 7.Duodenal wall and pancreas secrete digestive enzymes 8.Bile from gallbladder mixes in 9.Enzymes break down food components –digest/ion Starches into glucose Proteins into amino acids Bile emulsifies fats

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Steps in the Process of Digestion 10.Nutrients and water absorb into blood and lymphatic systems through intestinal walls –absorp/tion 11.Undigested and unabsorbed food (feces or stool) travel through large intestine to rectum 12.Feces expel through anus –defecat/ion

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Insert Digestion animation

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Carbohydrates carb/o = combining form –Indicates presence of carbon in substance Example: –carb/o/hydrates = contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) and provide energy for body –Glucose Most simple carbohydrate in body –Starch Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, and flour

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Enzymes Special proteins that assist in breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in foods -ase = suffix to indicate enzyme

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Enzymes EnzymeBreak down lip/asefat into fatty acids amyl/asestarch into simple sugar lact/aselactose into simple sugar lact/ose intolerance = difficulty digesting milk products due to lack of lactase

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Malnutrition Over- or under-nutrition Obesity –Being overweight for height and body frame size Due to hypertrophy of fat cells –Causes: Overeating and lack of exercise –Adds to risk of heat disease, hypertension, and arthritis

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bariatrics bar/o = weight bar/iatrics = medical practice specializing in prevention and treatment of obesity bar/atric medical center = provides nutrition counseling, behavior therapy, and surgical interventions

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Mouth stomat/o = combining form Origin –Greek –stoma = mouth

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Mouth Examples: –stomat/o/pathy = any mouth disease –stomat/algia = pain in mouth –stomat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of mouth –stomat/itis = inflammation of mouth –stomat/o/myc/osis = mouth fungus

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Mouth Procedures stomat/o/scope = instrument used to examine mouth stomat/o/scopy = process of examining mouth with scope stomat/o/plasty = surgical repair of mouth

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Oral Cavity

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tongue gloss/o = combining form gloss/al = adjectival form

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tongue Conditions and Procedures gloss/algia = pain in tongue gloss/itis = inflammation of tongue gloss/o/ptosis = prolapse of tongue gloss/o/plegia = paralysis of tongue gloss/o/scopy = examination of tongue gloss/ectomy = excision of tongue

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Under the Tongue Terms meaning under tongue: –hypo/glossal –sub/lingual lingu/o = combining form for tongue –Latin Some medications placed under tongue –E.g., nitroglycerin tablets

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Lips cheil = word root cheil/o = combining form Examples: –cheil/osis = condition or disorder of lips –cheil/itis = inflammation of lips –cheil/o/tomy = incision into lips –cheil/o/plasty = plastic surgery of lips

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gums gingiv/o = combining form Examples: –gingiv/al = pertaining to gums –gingiv/itis = inflammation of gums –gingiv/algia = gum pain –gingiv/ectomy = excision of gum tissue

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms Involving the Gums gingiv/o/gloss/itis = inflammation of gums and tongue lingu/o/gingiv/al = pertaining to tongue and gums

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Esophagus esophag/o = combining form –eso- = in or toward –phag/o = swallow esophag/eal = adjectival form Examples: –esophag/o/sten/osis = narrowing of esophagus –para/esophag/eal hernia = herniation around esophagus

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Esophagus Terms that mean pertaining to stomach and esophagus: –esophag/o/gastr/ic –gastr/o/esophag/eal gastr/o/esophag/eal reflux disease (GERD) = gastric and duodenal juices enter and irritate esophagus

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Preventing GERD Avoid eating just before going to bed Avoid fatty foods Lose extra weight Elevate head of bed

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Stomach gastr/o = combining form gastr/ic = adjectival form Examples: –gastr/o/rrhagia = stomach hemorrhage –gastr/ectasia = dilation or stretching of stomach

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gastritis gastr/itis = inflammation of stomach Common cause: –Helicobacter pylori (HP) Transmitted through contamination by vomit and feces Symptoms: –Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Small Intestine enter/o = combining form Examples: –enter/ic = pertaining to small intestine Tablets that dissolve in small intestine may have enteric coating –enter/itis = inflammation of small intestine

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Structure and Function of the Small Intestine Three sections: –Duodenum Stomach contents enter and mix with bile and enzymes –Jejunum –Ileum Walls rich in blood supply and lymphatic vessels to absorb digested nutrients

30. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Small Intestine Conditions enter/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of small intestine enter/o/plegia = paralysis of small intestine enter/o/cele = herniation of small intestine

31. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dysentery Disorder of small intestine characterized by: –Inflammation, pain, and diarrhea Can be caused by drinking water contaminated with bacteria Amoebic dysentery caused by amoeba-type parasite

32. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Small Intestine Procedures enter/o/centesis = surgical puncture of small intestine enter/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of small intestine enter/ectasia = dilation or stretching of small intestine

33. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with enter/o gastro/o/enter/o/logy = internal medicine specialty that deals with diseases of stomach and intestine gastro/enter/ic = pertaining to stomach and small intestine gastro/o/enter/o/ptosis = prolapse of stomach and small intestine

34. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Colon Another word for large intestine col/o = combining form Examples: –col/ic and col/o/nic = pertaining to colon

35. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy of the Colon Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon

36. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy of the Colon Cecum –Pouch at beginning of ascending colon ile/o/cec/al valve = location where digested and undigested food moves from small intestine into cecum

37. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Functions of the Colon 1.Receives contents of small intestine 2.Absorbs water and water-soluble nutrients through its wall 3.Eliminates feces via rectum and anus

38. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Constipation con/stip/ation = infrequent or small amount of bowel movement Origin –Latin word parts meaning withhold or press together Caused by: –Anesthesia use, aging, dehydration, and low-fiber intake

39. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cathartics cathartic = laxative Origin –Greek –katharsis = purification Result in: –Liquefaction of stool or relaxation of bowel (intestine)

40. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cathartics Catharsis –Also means emotional release –Used in psychoanalysis

41. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Slow Colonic Motility (Movement) Caused by: –Chronic lack of moisture and bulk in feces Conditions: –Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticular disease Treatment: –Medications and increase in dietary fiber

42. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diverticulitis Diverticula –Outpouchings or pockets that develop in colon wall diverticul/osis = presence of diverticula diverticul/itis = infection and inflammation of diverticula caused by trapped food that putrefies and irritates tissues

43. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with col/o col/o/ptosis = prolapse of colon col/o/centesis = surgical puncture of colon col/o/pexy = surgical fixation of colon col/o/ostomy = making of new opening in colon

44. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Colostomy Sites

45. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sigmoid Colon sigmoid/o = combining form Examples: –sigmoid/o/scope = instrument used to examine sigmoid colon –sigmoid/o/scopy = procedure of examining sigmoid colon with scope

46. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fecal Occult Blood Test Test performed to detect occult blood in feces –Also known as guaiac test –occult = hidden Presence of blood sign of infection, ulcers, or tumors

47. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Appendix Worm-like glandular structure growing from bottom of cecum appendices = plural append and appendix = word roots Examples: –appendic/itis = inflammation of appendix –append/ectomy = excision of appendix

48. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rectum rect/o = combining form Examples: –rect/al = pertaining to rectum –rect/o/cele = herniation of rectum

49. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rectal Procedures rect/o/scope = instrument for examining rectum rect/o/scopy = process of examining rectum with scope rect/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of rectum rect/o/plasty = plastic surgery of rectum rect/o/rrhapy = suturing of rectum

50. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with proct/o proct/o = combining form for anus and rectum Examples: –proct/o/logy = study of diseases of anus and rectum –proct/o/logist = specialist in diseases of anus and rectum –proct/o/plegia = paralysis of anus and rectum

51. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with proct/o Examples: –proct/o/scope = instrument for examining anus and rectum –proct/o/scopy = examination of anus and rectum with scope –proct/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of anus and rectum –proct/o/rrhaphy = suturing of anus and rectum –proct/o/pexy = surgical fixation of anus and rectum

52. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Liver hepat/o = combining form Examples: –hepat/ic = pertaining to liver –hepat/o/pathy = any liver disease

53. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Accessory Organs

54. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hepatitis Hepat/itis = inflammation of liver Hepatitis A –Acute infection associated with food or water contaminated by human waste

55. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hepatitis Hepatitis B –Serious viral infection transmitted by blood and body fluids –Classified as sexually transmitted disease Hepatitis C –Chronic condition usually transmitted by blood

56. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cirrhosis Cirrhosis of the liver –Debilitating disease when scar tissue forms in liver Caused by: –Malnutrition, alcoholism, poisoning, or history of hepatitis Treatment: –Diet modifications, vitamins, alcohol cessation, energy conservation, and surgery

57. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Liver Conditions hepat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage in liver hepat/o/cele = herniation of liver hepat/o/dynia = pain in liver hepat/o/lith = stone in liver

58. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Liver Procedures hepat/o/scopy = examination of liver hepat/o/tomy = incision into liver hepat/ectomy = excision of part of liver

59. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pancreas Digestive and endocrine organ –Digestive function: Produces amylase and lipase –Endocrine function Produces insulin pancreat/o = combining form pancreat/ic = pertaining to pancreas

60. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with Pancreat/o pancreat/o/pathy = any pancreatic disease pancreat/o/lith = stone or calculus in pancreas pancreat/o/tomy = incision into pancreas pancreat/ectomy = surgical removal of pancreas pancreat/o/lysis = destruction of pancreatic tissue

61. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Insert The Pancreas

62. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ERCP end/o/scop/ic retro/grade cholangi/o/pancreat/o/graphy Purpose: –Locate stone

63. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ERCP Procedure: 1.Insert cannula (tube) into common bile duct or pancreatic duct 2.Introduce contrast media 3.Take x-ray

64. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spleen Blood-forming organ splen/o = combining form Examples: –splen/ic = pertaining to spleen –splen/ectmy = excision of spleen –splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen

65. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spleen Conditions splen/o/pathy = any spleen disease splen/algia = pain in spleen splen/o/megaly = enlarged spleen splen/o/ptosis = prolapse of spleen splen/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of spleen

66. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spleen Procedures splen/ectomy = excision of spleen splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen splen/o/rrhapy = suture of spleen

67. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Atresia Blockage or lack of opening Origin –Greek –tresis = hole esophageal a/tres/ia = esophagus closed biliary a/tres/ia = bile ducts not open –Bile backs up into liver

68. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Atresia intestinal a/tres/ia = congenital condition when part of intestine closed mitral a/tres/ia = congenital closure of mitral valve in heart

69. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Words Built from Digestive System Terms jejun/o/ile/itis = inflammation of jejunum and ileum chole/cyst/o/duoden/ostomy = new opening between duodenum and gallbladder esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy = examination of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

70. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Words Built from Digestive System Terms chol/angi/o/pancreat/o/graphy = x-ray of biliary and pancreatic ducts esophag/o/duoden/ostomy = new connection surgically made between esophagus and duodenum –When entire stomach removed

71. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Words Built from Digestive System Terms enter/o/cholecyst/ostomy = new connection between small intestine and gallbladder