1. Chapter 2: France Takes an Interest in North America
What kind of society did the French colonists create in their North American colonies?

2. France Takes an Interest in North America
Colony: A territory controlled by another country.
Empire: A network of colonies controlled by a single country.
Imperialism: A country extending its control over other countries, often using economic or military means.
Silk Road: The route travelled by Europeans crossing through Asia and Eastern Europe used for trading.

3. Imperialism
When Europeans first came to North America they created new settlements called colonies.
The first colonists in Canada came from France.

4. Imperialism
Empires are networks of colonies controlled by a single country (aka the home country).
Colony
Colony
Colony
Colony
Colony
Colony
Colony
Colony
Empire

5. Imperialism Colonies had no independence.
The home country was responsible for decisions regarding economics and politics. This system of control of is called Imperialism.
The colony shipped resources to the home country (fish, furs, lumber, metal ores, etc.)
Colony
Home Country
The home country shipped settlers and soldiers tot the colony. It controlled the economy and government.

6. Imperialism
For centuries, much of the world was ruled by imperial powers.
It was within this framework that Canada became a country.
In this chapter we’re going to investigate why
France was interested in building a colony in North America.

7. KWL Chart
Why Did European Explorers First Come to North America? Please complete the “Know” and “Wonder” columns of the chart on page 5 of your Chapter 2 booklet.

8. European Imperialism
People began arriving in the land we now call Canada over 1000 years ago.
The first people to arrive here were....

9. European Imperialism
People began arriving in the land we now call Canada over 1000 years ago.
The first people to arrive here were.... The Norse from Scandinavia.

10. European Imperialism
In the 140o’s, sailors from Spain, Portugal and possibly England crossed the Atlantic to catch fish of the shores of today`s Newfoundland and Labrador.
These fishermen were followed by many other Europeans who came across as explorers and colonists.

11. Looking for a New Silk Road
For centuries, the countries of Europe and Asia traded with one another.
France, England, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands looked to India, China, Japan and Indonesia for what kinds of goods?

12. Looking for a New Silk Road
For centuries, the countries of Europe and Asia traded with one another.
France, England, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands looked to India, China, Japan and Indonesia for what kinds of goods?
Spices
Tea
Silk
Porcelain
Gems

13. Looking for a New Silk Road
To bring these goods home, the Europeans travelled a route known as the Silk Road.
This route became dangerous because ambush parties would often attack the traders either charging a tax or stealing their goods.
By the 1400’s the Europeans were eager to find a new route to Asia, preferably by water.

14. Looking for a New Silk Road
In 1492, Queen Isabella of Spain sent Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic is search of a new silk road.
His voyages led to the European awareness of the American continents.

15. Expanding Across the Ocean
Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?

16. Expanding Across the Ocean
Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?
Economics
Competition
Religion
Curiosity

17. Expanding Across the Ocean
1. Economics
Europeans set up colonies so they could claim the resources for themselves. Ex: Fur

18. Expanding Across the Ocean
2. Competition
Countries of Europe were at competition with each other.
The more colonies (and land) that a country controlled, the more power and prestige it had.

19. Expanding Across the Ocean
3. Religion
The Catholics (France) and the Protestants (England) wanted to spread their version of Christianity to other parts of the world.

20. Expanding Across the Ocean
4. Curiosity
Europeans were curious about the rest of the world.
New technologies made travelling farther than they ever had before possible.

21. Chapter 2 Task Journal of a European Explorer
You are a European explorer in the 1500’s. Write a journal entry in which you explain why you feel it is a good idea to sail to North America and establish a colony there.
 You must include ideas/reasons for all four reasons why Europeans came to North America.
Economics
Competition
Religion
Curiosity

22. Chapter 2 Task Journal of a European Explorer
Assignment Checklist
Dear Journal Salutation
Correct grammar and spelling.
Date in the 1500’s
Full Sentences
Idea for Economics
Decorated Journal Cover
Idea for Competition
Idea for Religion
Idea for Curiosity

23. JOURNAL OF A EUROPEAN EXPLORER
Dear Journal, March 5, 1543 I have been asked to join a crew sailing to North America. Our ship will be carrying missionaries who are going to spread the Catholic religion to the native people. They will be returning with a ship full of goods. I`ve heard that fur is easy to get there. I plan to stay in the new colony and make my own fortune collecting furs. I`ve been told we are leaving the day after tomorrow. The French government wants to get as many ships to the New World as soon as possible. Perhaps they are afraid the British will take all the furs or claim all the land. I wonder what it will be like there... will it look anything like France? I am very excited to see what adventures lie ahead for me. Sincerely, Louis Villeneuve
Chapter 2 Task
JOURNAL OF A EUROPEAN EXPLORER
Example

24. France Takes an Interest in North America
Jacques Cartier: Explored the Gulf of St.Lawrence making first contact with the Mi’kmaq.

25. Brainstorm
Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?

26. Brainstorm
Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?
The Royal French Flag

27. Brainstorm
Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?
The Quebec Flag

28. The Canadian Coat of Arms
Brainstorm
Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?
The Canadian Coat of Arms

29. Brainstorm
Looking at Canada today, how do we know France has played an important role in developing Canada?
The Acadian Flag

30. Cartier Crosses the Atlantic
In 1534, the king of France sent Jacques Cartier across the Atlantic in search of a passage through North America to Asia.
After 20 days a sea, he reached the coast of Newfoundland.

31. Cartier Crosses the Atlantic
One day, Cartier and his men were exploring the shores of the St. Lawrence when they came across a group of Mi’kmaq.
Cartier wrote about what happened between them in his journal.
This is the first written account of trade between the first nations and Europeans.

32. Cartier Crosses the Atlantic
A large number of people… set up a great clamour and made frequent signs to us to come on shore, holding up to us some skins on sticks…
We likewise made signs to them that we wished them no harm, and sent two men ashore to offer them some knives and other iron goods and a red hat to give to their chief…
They bartered all they had, to such an extent that all went back naked… and they made signs to us that they would return on the morrow with more skins.
Based on this account, what suggests the first nations would have traded before? Who would they have traded with?

33. The Challenges of Settlement
In July 1534, Cartier landed at a place he called Gaspé.
There, he met a group of Haudenosaunee led by a man named Donnacona.
After this meeting, Cartier took two of Donnacona’s sons on board is ship. He sailed them back to France to prove to the king what he found.

34. The Challenges of Settlement
In 1535, Cartier returned with three ships, 110 men and Donnacona’s two sons.
They guided them up the St.Lawrence River as far as Stadacona where Donnacona and his people lived.
Cartier and his crew decided to to stay the winter. They built a small log fort near Stadacona.
How do you think the French made out during their first North American winter?

35. The Challenges of Settlement
They did not have enough fresh fruit and vegetables.
Many of the crew became sick and died of scurvy, a disease brought on by a lack of vitamin C.

36. The Challenges of Settlement
The Haudenosaunee had a cure for scurvy . They taught the French how to make the cure from boiling pieces of white cedar into tea.
Without their help, Cartier and the rest of his men may not have survived the winter.

37. Why do you think Cartier took them back to Europe?
Land of Riches
The Haudenosaunee told Cartier about a land northeast of their village where there were fruit trees, metals and gems.
In 1536, Cartier forcibly took Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe.
Why do you think Cartier took them back to Europe?

38. Why do you think Cartier took them back to Europe?
Land of Riches
The Haudenosaunee told Cartier about a land northeast of their village where there were fruit trees, metals and gems.
In 1536, Cartier forcibly took Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe.
So they could tell the king about the riches in North America.
He hoped this information would convince the king to pay for another cross-Atlantic trip.
Why do you think Cartier took them back to Europe?

39. Cartier Visits Again
Cartier returned to north America in 1542 to set up a colony along the St. Lawrence River.
By this time, all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier had taken to Europe died. Cartier told the Hauenosaunee that everyone else was well and living in Europe.
Why do you think Cartier lied about the Haudenosaunee being alive? Do you think they believed him?

40. Cartier Visits Again
Cartier returned to north America in 1542 to set up a colony along the St. Lawrence River.
By this time, all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier had taken to Europe died. Cartier told the Hauenosaunee that that everyone else was well and living in Europe.
Written accounts say they did not believe him and as a result were hostile toward the French.
Why do you think Cartier lied about the Haudenosaunee being alive? Do you think they believed him?

41. Cartier Visits Again
After another terrible winter, the French colonists decided to return to Europe.
Cartier took samples of what he believed were gold and diamonds with him. But it turned out they were worthless pyrite (fools gold) and quartz.
Although he was not successful in establishing a permanent colony in North America, Cartier did succeed in gathering a great deal of important information about the land.

42. Questions
France Takes an Interest in North America (pg 36-38)
Based on Cartier’s journal entry on page 36, what suggests that the Mi’kmaq had traded before? (3pts) With whom do you think they might have traded? (1 pt)
How did the Haudenosaunee help Cartier and his men? (1 pt)
Why did Cartier take the natives back to Europe in 1536? (2 pts)
How did Cartier fail as an explorer? How did he succeed? (2 pts)

43. Brainstorm
Discuss with the person beside you:
How would you feel if strangers came to your school, raised a flag and claimed the school for themselves?
How would the newcomers describe
their actions?
How would you respond to such an event?

44. Cartier and Donnacona
The Haudenosaunee had lived in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence lowlands for as long as anyone can remember.
They controlled travel along the river and governed the surrounding lands.
However, when Cartier arrived at Gaspé, he and his men raised a wooden cross with Vive le Roi de France! (Long Live the King of France) across the rop.

46. Role play
With a partner, role play the encounter between Cartier and Donnacona as Cartier raised the cross at Gaspé. Include why you think Cartier felt justified in raising the cross and why Donnacona felt justified in objecting.

47. Preparing your role play
Make notes: Include a) facts about the situation/event, b) your character’s perspective, c) how your character feels and d) how your character acts (voice, gestures, etc).
Dialogue: Decide if you are going to read from a script or make up the dialogue as you go along.
Respect: Remember to be respectful of cultures.

49. France Expands Its Empire
Monopoly: When only one company or group is allowed to sell or trade a product in a certain area.

50. France Expands Its Empire
Jacques Cartier’s settlement failed but the French did not completely forget about North America;
Fishing fleets still returned to North America.
Fur traders still came to trade with First Nations trappers.
France began to build North American colonies at Acadia and Québec.

51. The French Return
By the early 1600’s, the demand for furs in Europe was growing.
King Louis XIII wanted to be the most powerful ruler in Europe and needed to expand France’s colonial empire to do so.
The French king, Louis XIII, decided that France should build a colony in North America. That way they would have access to the abundant supply of furs.

52. The French Return
Resources from the colonies would also give France a military advantage.
The king realised that building a colony would be very expensive for him to build and support.
He decided to let someone else pay for it.
The king granted a trade monopoly to a group of merchants.

53. The French Return A trade monopoly, NOT
This meant that only merchants within the group holding the monopoly would be allowed to trade for furs in the colony.
In return, the merchants agreed to build settlements in North America and find French citizens to live in them.

54. The French in Acadia
In 1604, a French noble named Pierre de Monts received a monopoly. He sailed to North America to set up a colony.
He took a map-maker and explorer named Samuel de Champlain with him.
In the spring of 1605, de Monts established a settlement at Port Royal on the Bay of Fundy.
The French called the area Acadia.

55. How do you think they reacted to the newcomers?
The French in Acadia
The Mi’kmaq were already living on this land.
How do you think they reacted to the newcomers?
They didn’t object because they would be able to trade with them.
They were afraid of them and avoided them.
They wanted them off their land and started destroying their property.
They wanted them off their land and started a war!

56. The French in Acadia
At first, the Mi’kmaq who lived there did not object to the newcomers.
The French did not interfere with their hunting and fishing activities, and the Mi’kmaq welcomed the chance to trade their furs for metal goods and blankets.
The Mi’kmaq were willing to share the land.

57. The French in Acadia
In time, more and more French people came to Acadia.
Although life here was hard, it was no harder than it had been back in France. Acadia offered poor farmers a new start.
These colonists spread out
along the shores of the
Bay of Fundy.

58. The French in Acadia
They survived through farming, fishing, and hunting.
They formed a unique community and culture.

59. The Founding of Québec
Port Royal was a long way from the centre of the fur trade, so de Monts and Champlain decided to move to the St. Lawrence River.
They chose a site near Stadacona, where Jacques Cartier had built a fort many years earlier.
The French colonists called their settlement Québec.

60. The Founding of Québec
It was an ideal place to trade furs, but living conditions were far from ideal.
During their first winter, 20 of the 28 newcomers died due to the weather and lack of food.

61. Questions
France Expands Its Empire (pg 39-42)
5) What are the three main benefits of France building more colonies in North America? (3)
6) Describe Acadia. Include:
a) Who founded it (2)
b) Where it was located (1)
c) How the Mi’kmaq felt about the settlers (2)
d) Who the “Acadians” were (1 pt)
7) Why did the French colonists choose Quebec’s location? How did things work out for them? (2)

62. Exploring Deeper into the Continent
Coureur de bois: A Canadian trader (“runner of the woods”) who paddled on long journeys into the wilderness to trade for furs with the First Nations.
Métis: People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry.

63. Exploring Deeper into the Continent
Aside from the official explorers, the first people to leave the settlements of New France and begin roaming the countryside were the coureurs de bois.

64. The Coureurs de Bois They were a unique group of adventurers.
They lived for long periods of time with the First Nations.
Many married First Nations women, and became parents to the Métis.
They learned to speak the First Nations’ languages and how to build birch bark canoes.
They also learned many other survival skills.

65. The Coureurs de Bois
Why do you think the job of a Coureur de Bois was desired by many French men?

66. The Coureurs de Bois
Adventure!
Freedom!
Money!

67. The Coureurs de Bois
Their main interest was fur trapping, but they also acted as guides and interpreters for the French traders.
In this way, they were responsible for much of the early European exploration of the continent.

68. Étienne Brûlé
In 1610, the French and Wendat agreed to a cultural exchange.
Brûlé went to live with the Wendat, and a Wendat man named Savignon went to live in France.
What do you think Brûlé gained from living among the Wendat? What do you think Savignon gained from living in France?

69. Étienne Brûlé
Brûlé gained an appreciation for the Wendat way of life, learned their language and practised their customs. He travelled with the Wendat and came to know their territory.
He was the first European to travel up the Ottawa River into Georgian Bay.

70. Étienne Brûlé
Savignon learned to speak French but was eager to return to North America.
When he returned he did not describe France as a good place:
Children were treated badly.
Beggars were living in the streets, arguing loudly with one another.

71. Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers
Radisson came to New France in 1650 as a boy and lived for two years among the Mohawk as a teenager before returning to Québec.
While living with the Mohawk he learned to speak their language and survive in the woods.
It was only natural that he become a coureur de bois.

72. Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers
In 1659, he joined des Groseilliers on a trading trip deep into the Lake Superior.
No Europeans had ever been there before.
How do you think the First Nations treated Radisson and des Groseilliers?

73. Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers
Everywhere they went, they were welcomed by the First Nations.
As they travelled their knowledge of the fur country grew. They also gave French names to some of the settlements, lakes, rivers and mountains they encountered.
What were they doing when they did this?

74. Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers
Everywhere they went, they were welcomed by the First Nations.
As they travelled their knowledge of the fur country grew. They also gave French names to some of the settlements, lakes, rivers and mountains they encountered.
They were claiming the land for France.
What were they doing when they did this?

75. Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers
In 1670, they travelled to Hudson Bay because the First Nations people had told them it was rich in fur-bearing animals.
Later that year The Hudson Bay Company was founded as a result of their accomplishments.

76. Economy and Government in New France
King Louis XIV: King of France also known as the “Sun King” because he was all powerful. He was so forceful in acquiring colonies that other countries of Europe united against him.
Sovereign Council: A government with three officials: a governor, an intendant, and a bishop, set up by King Louis XIV to govern the colony of New France.

77. Definitions contd. Habitants: A Francophone farmer of New France.
Jesuits: An order of missionaries who came to North America to convert First Nations peoples to the Catholic religion.
Canadien(ne): A Francophone descendent of the settlers of New France living anywhere in North America, including the West (in use until about the First World War).
Seigneurial System: A system based on nobles (or seigneurs) who rented land to farmers (or habitants).

78. The Royal Takeover
As a colony, New France depended on France for its survival.
France provided: Colonists, supplies and military protection
New France supplied: Resources such as furs and fish
The colony of New France made France richer and more powerful.

79. The Royal Takeover
In 1663, King Louis XIV took control of the colony from the merchants.

80. Appointed Councillors
The Royal Takeover
He established a Sovereign Council to govern the colony.
Sovereign Council
Governor
Intendant
Bishop
Appointed Councillors

81. The Sovereign Council Governor Intendant Bishop
The most powerful member of the S.C.
The King’s representative.
Took charge of the defence of the colony and its relationships with allies and enemies.
In charge of the day-to-day affairs of the colony.
Supervised courts and made sure the colonists were looked after.
Managed the economy ($).
The head of the church.
Leading role in politics.

82. The Sovereign Council The royal government paid the colony’s expenses.
The government of New France was all powerful and the colonists had to follow the rules and laws established by the Sovereign Council.
The courts received complaints from the colonists but overall, the people enjoyed greater freedom in New France.

83. The Catholic Church
Religion had an important place in the lives of Europeans.
Priests, nuns, and missionaries who went to New France helped build the colony. They held religious services, taught schools, ran hospitals and cared for the poor.
The colonists supported the church by donating a portion of their income, called a tithe.

84. What was the #1 goal of the Catholic Church?

85. What was the #1 goal of the Catholic Church?
The most important goal of the church was to spread the Catholic faith.
The missionaries came to New France to convert the First Nations peoples to their religion.

86. The Catholic Church
The missionaries travelled into the interior of the continent.
As they travelled they wrote accounts of their travels and experiences. Many of these writing have survived through the centuries and are important historical documents.

87. The Economy of New France
How did New France make money?

88. The Economy of New France
How did New France make money?
The fur trade and farming.

89. The Economy of New France
The social structure was based on a Seigneurial System.
The king gave large tracts of land along the St.Lawrence to the nobles aka seigneurs.
Each seigneur had to find colonists aka habitants to settle the land. These habitants rented strips of land and set up farms.
Seigneurs and habitants had duties which were protected by law.
Habitants had to give a portion of their crop and pay other fees to the seigneur.
The seigneur had to build a church and mill on his land.

90. The Economy of New France
The king knew the Seigneural System would help populate New France.
If the seigneur did not find tenants to farm is land, he would not make any money.

91. Questions
Please complete the “Royal Takeover” and “Catholic Church” sheets in your Chapter 2 booklet.

92. Populating the Colony
Fille du Roi: The women known as the “king’s daughters” who were sent to New France to become wives.

93. Key Characteristics of the Catholic Church in New France
Class Notes:
The bishop led the church.
The church operated the schools and hospitals.
The church tried to convert First Nations peoples.
Missionaries travelled deep into the interior of the continent.
Important historical information was provided through journals and diaries.

94. Populating the Colony
In the early days, New France was simply a place for trading furs run by merchants.
They had little interest in building settlements.
Few people wanted to move there, and the colony failed to prosper.
1608 28
1641
240
1653
2000
The Population of New France (pg 45)

95. Why was it so difficult for New France’s population to grow?
Brainstorm
Why was it so difficult for New France’s population to grow?

96. What do you see as the biggest problem?
Populating the Colony
Nobody wanted to leave France to live there.
Death and disease
There were hardly any WOMEN!
What do you see as the biggest problem?

97. Les Filles du Roi
Between 1665 and 1673, the King sent approximately 900 single young women and girls to New France to become wives.
How would you feel if you were one of these girls torn away from your family to marry a strange man and live in the New World?

98. Payment – A Wedding Gift
When they married, the king gave them:
2 Pigs
1 Cow
1 Ox
2 Chickens
Salt Beef
A purse of money

99. Women in New France
Women worked hard alongside their husbands in the fields.
They cared for their homes and children and helped manage the family finances.
Girls in New France received a better education than they would have in France.
Within 14 years, the colony’s population grew from 3200 to
These colonists are the original Canadiens.

100. “I will or will not marry you!”
What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting married in New France?
Advantages
Disadvantages
Gifts from the King
Women would receive an education
Men would receive help on their farm
Companionship
Women had to do hard labour
Taken away to a strange new world
You wouldn’t know who you were marrying.
Disease and Death.

101. “I will or will not marry you!”
You will be given the identity of a Fille du Roi or a French settler. After meeting your “match” you must decided individually if you will marry your match or not.
You must provide two reasons for why you will or will not marry your match.
“Yes, Jean Gui I will marry you because....”
“No, Marguerite I will not marry you because...”

103. Test Format
10 Definitions 9 Multiple Choice 5 Listing/Short Answer (12 pts total) 1 Long Answer (5 points)