1. Measuring and Implementing Ecological Economics Gary Flomenhoft Gund Institute 4-15-03

7. Fundamental Human Needs Being (qualities) Having (things) Doing (actions) Interacting (settings) Subsistencephysical and mental health food, shelter work feed, clothe, rest, work living environment, social setting Protectioncare, adaptability autonomy social security, health systems, work co-operate, plan, take care of, help social environment, dwelling Affectionrespect, sense of humour, generosity, sensuality friendships, family, relationships with nature share, take care of, make love, express emotions privacy, intimate spaces of togetherness Understandingcritical capacity, curiosity, intuition literature, teachers, policies educational analyse, study,meditate investigate, schools, families universities, communities, Participationreceptiveness, dedication, sense of humour responsibilities, duties, work, rights cooperate, dissent, express opinions associations, parties, churches, neighbourhoods Leisureimagination, tranquillity spontaneity games, parties, peace of mind day-dream, remember, relax, have fun landscapes, intimate spaces, places to be alone Creationimagination, boldness, inventiveness, curiosity abilities, skills, work, techniques invent, build, design, work, compose, interpret spaces for expression, workshops, audiences Identitysense of belonging, self- esteem, consistency language, religions, work, customs, values, norms get to know oneself, grow, commit oneself places one belongs to, everyday settings Freedomautonomy, passion, self-esteem, open-mindedness equal rightsdissent, choose, run risks, develop awareness anywhere

13. The Valuation of Ecosystem Goods and Services Matthew A. Wilson Gund Institute for Ecological Economics & School of Business Administration Email: Wilson@bsad.uvm.eduWilson@bsad.uvm.edu

14. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Gas regulation Climate regulation Disturbance regulation Water regulation Water supply Erosion control and sediment retention Soil formation Nutrient cycling Waste treatment Pollination Biological control Refugia Food production Raw materials Genetic resources Recreation Cultural ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition. Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other biologically mediated climatic processes at global, regional, or local levels. Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem response to environmental fluctuations such as sea level rise. Regulation of hydrological flows. Storage and retention of water. Retention of soil within an ecosystem. Soil formation processes. Storage, internal cycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients. Recovery of mobile nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess or xenic nutrients and compounds. Movement of floral gametes. Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations. Habitat for resident and transient populations. That portion of gross primary production extractable as food. That portion of gross primary production extractable as raw materials. Sources of unique biological materials and products. Providing opportunities for recreational activities. Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses. List of Ecosystem Goods and Services Adapted from Costanza et. Al. (1997) “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital” Nature, vol. 387 pp.253-260

15. Avoided Cost (AC): services allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the absence of those services; flood control (barrier islands) avoids property damages, and waste treatment by wetlands avoids incurred health costs. Replacement Cost (RC): services could be replaced with man-made systems; natural waste treatment can be replaced with costly treatment systems. Factor Income (FI): services provide for the enhancement of incomes; water quality improvements increase commercial fisheries harvest and thus, incomes of fishermen. Travel Cost (TC): service demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of the service; recreation areas attract distant visitors whose value placed on that area must be at least what they were willing to pay to travel to it. Hedonic Pricing (HP): service demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated goods: For example, housing prices along the shore of pristine freshwater lakes tend to exceed the prices of inland homes. Contingent Valuation (CV): service demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of alternatives; people would be willing to pay for increased water quality in freshwater lakes and streams. Marginal Product Estimation (MP): Service demand is generated in a dynamic modeling environment using production function (i.e., Cobb-Douglas) to estimate value of output in response to corresponding material input. Group Valuation (GV): This approach is based on principles of deliberative democracy and the assumption that public decision making should result, not from the aggregation of separately measured individual preferences, but from public debate. Techniques for Valuing Ecosystem Services

16. Full World or Empty World? Source: Ecological Economics Principles & Applications, Farley and Daly

17. Source: Center for A New American Dream If World consumption = US: Need 4 more planets

18. Herman Daly’s Policies for a steady-state economy Criteria: 1.Constant stock of humans 2.Constant stock of goods for providing services and meeting needs. 3.Sufficient and sustainable level of 1&2 4.Throughput reduced to the lowest level

19. Social Institutions Constant Population Transferable birth licenses (China 1 child policy) (Demographic Trend)

20. Population growth

22. China population-1.22B-one child policy

23. Constant Goods Depletion quotas (Fisheries, hunting licenses) Pollution quotas (vehicle emissions, SO2)

24. Fishing quotas Lease15 Tons 19 Tons 8 Tons 2 Tons 25 Tons 1 TonNorth SeaCod Haddock Whiting Megrim Monks SkateMacduff Fish Selling Lease7 Tons 2 Tons 2 TonsWest CoastHaddock Monk MegrimMacduff Fish Selling

25. VERMONT HUNTING, FISHING AND TRAPPING DATES 2001 SEASON (All Dates Inclusive) FISHING Trout & Landlocked Salmon April 14– Oct 28 Trout & Landlocked Salmon (Lake Champlain) No Closed Season Largemouth & Smallmouth Bass June 9 – Nov 30 Catch & Release – Lakes and Ponds April 14– June 8 Pickerel, N. Pike, Yellow Perch No Closed Season Walleye (Lake Champlain, Lake Carmi & certain areas of Lamoille & Missisquoi Rivers) May 6, 2000 - March 15, 2001 May 5, 2001- March 15, 2002 (All other waters except Connecticut River) No Closed Season Smelt May 26, 2001 - March 31, 2002 Smelt (Lake Champlain) No Closed Season BIG GAME HUNTING Deer (Bow & Arrow Only) Oct 6 –28 Youth Deer Day Nov. 4, 2001 Deer (16 Day regular season) Nov. 10 – Nov. 25 Deer (Muzzleloader or Bow & Arrow Only) Dec 1 – 9 Black Bear Sept. 1 – Nov. 14 Turkey Spring May 1 – 31 Fall seasons vary by wildlife management units SMALL GAME HUNTING Hare, Rabbit Sept. 30, 2000 – March 11, 2001 & Sept. 29, 2001 – March 10, 2002 Gray Squirrel Sept. 1 – Dec. 31 Bobwhite Quail No Closed Season Ruffed Grouse (Partridge) Sept. 29 – Dec. 31 Woodcock Set Annually Pheasant Sept. 29 – Dec. 31 Crow March 14 – April 30 & Aug. 16 – Oct 29 FURBEARER HUNTING Bobcat Jan. 10 – Feb. 7 Red & Gray Fox Oct. 27, 2001 – Feb. 10, 2002 Raccoon Oct. 13 – Dec. 31 Muskrat March 20 – April 19 Coyote No Closed Season FURBEARER TRAPPING Mink, Skunk, Red & Gray Fox, Raccoon, Coyote Oct. 27 – Dec. 31 Otter Oct. 27 – Dec. 31 (Otter Continued During Beaver Season) Muskrat 4th Sat. in Oct. – April 19 Fisher, Bobcat Dec. 1 – 16 Beaver TO BE ANNOUNCED Marten No Open Season WATERFOWL HUNTING Set Annually Read the Guide to Hunting, Fishing & Trapping Laws for more information and exceptions. Issued June, 2000 by the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department, Waterbury, Vermont

27. CFC Phaseout Schedules: Allowed Production and Consumption for Developed Countries (percent of baseline) 19871990199219901994 Original Montreal Protocol London Montreal Protocol Copenhagen Montreal Protocol U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments European Community Schedule 1990100% 1991100% 85% 1992100% 80% 199380% 75%50% 199480% 25% 15% 199580%50%25% 0% 199680%50%0% 199780%15% 199880%15% 199950%15% 200050%0% CFC Quotas

28. Kyoto Protocol

30. Distribution Minimum and maximum income All corporate profits distributed to stockholders Minimum: Speenhamland, minimum income Experiments, European social democracy, Welfare, dole, unemployment insurance. Alaska oil dividend. Maximum: European marginal tax rates, US Tax rates in 1950s.

31. Shareholder Equity-dividends (ALASKA PF) Alaska has the smallest gap between rich and poor of any state, according to figures released Wednesday by the U.S. Census Bureau. ALASKA Dividend checks help make for more equal distribution.