1. Do Now: Tuesday, Sept. 16 Objective: Major Bones of Skeleton Do Now: 1.List as many parts of the skeletal system as you can (at least 5). 2.List as many joints as you can think of in your body (at least 5).

2. Skeletal System and Major Bones of the Skeleton Please note that this power point will take about 3 days to complete Day 1 Slides 1-60 Day 2 Slides 61-102 Day 3 Slides 103-189

3. What Is It? 1. Skeletal System: framework of bones and other tissues that supports the body ( 206 bones)

4. Human Skeleton Our bodies are made up of 206 bones. Babies have more than 206 bones because their bones have not fused (grown) together all the way.

5. Functions: 2. Skeletal System Functions: gives body structure protects internal organs works with muscles to allow body to move

6. Charlie Brown Skeletal System: Gives the body structure Support!

7. Skeletal System: Protects Organs Skeletal System provides support and protection for our internal organs. Ex: ribcage protects lungs & heart.

8. What does the skull protect?

9. Skeletal System: Helps us move!

10. Why Are Bones Important? 3. Bones store calcium and other minerals 4. Bones make blood cells: Bone marrow: tissue inside bones that makes blood.

11. The bones of the skeletal system produce blood cells and store important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Bones: Make Blood

12. Joints 5. Joints: place where two or more bones meet, allow us to move.

13. Major Bones of the Skeleton

14. BONE #1: CRANIUM 1.Cranium: Skull Protects the brain

15. Label the Skeleton 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

16. BONE #2: Mandible 2. Mandible: Jaw Strongest bone in face

17. Label the Skeleton

18. BONE #3: CLAVICLE 3. Clavicle: The collarbone

19. Label the Skeleton

20. BONE #4: SCAPULA 4. Scapula: Shoulder blade Connects the arms to body

21. Label the Skeleton

22. BONE #5: HUMERUS 5. Humerus: Upper arm

23. Label the Skeleton

24. BONE #6: RADIUS 6. Radius F orearm bone On thumb side

25. Label the Skeleton

26. BONE #7: ULNA 7. Ulna Forearm bone On pinky side

27. Label the Skeleton

28. Review: ARM BONES

29. BONE #8: CARPALS 8. Carpals 8 wrist bones

30. Label the Skeleton

31. BONE #9: METACARPALS 9. Metacarpals 5 bones in the hand Join wrist to fingers

32. Label the Skeleton

33. BONE #10: PHALANGES 10. Phalanges Finger bones 3 in each finger (only 2 in thumb)

34. Label the Skeleton

35. Review: HAND BONES

36. BONE #11: Sternum 11. Sternum: - Breastbone

37. Label the Skeleton

38. BONE #12: RIB CAGE 12. Rib cage Protects heart and lungs 12 pairs

39. Label the Skeleton

40. BONE #13: VERTEBRAE 13. Vertebrae 26 bones of the spine

41. Label the Skeleton Vertebrae

42. BONE #14: PELVIS 14. Pelvis Ilium: hands on hips Ischium: “sit bones” Pubis: connects hip bones together

43. Label the Skeleton

44. BONE #15: FEMUR 15. Femur Thigh bone Largest/strongest bone in body

45. Label the Skeleton

46. BONE #16: PATELLA 16. Patella Knee cap

47. Label the Skeleton

48. BONE #17: FIBULA 17. Fibula Calf bone Smallest of leg bones

49. Label the Skeleton

50. BONE #18: TIBIA 18. Tibia Shin bone

51. Label the Skeleton

52. BONE #19: TARSALS 19. Tarsals 7 ankle bones

53. Label the Skeleton

54. BONE #20: METATARSALS 20. Metatarsals 5 foot bones

55. Label the Skeleton

56. BONE #21: PHALANGES 21. Phalanges: 14 toes 3 in each toe (only 2 in big toe)

57. Label the Skeleton

59. Guided Practice With a partner, make 21 post-it notes with the major bones that we learned today. Then, using one person as the “skeleton,” label each bone.

60. Do Now: Wednesday, Sept 17 Objective: Major Bones of Skeleton Do Now: 1. What are the three main functions of the skeletal system? 2. What are the two main reasons bones are important?

61. Whiteboard Practice Whiteboards rules: – Only write on the boards the answers to the questions – You will have about 15 seconds to answer the question. – Keep your answers to yourself. – I will tell you when to raise the boards up. – Participation points: you will receive a zero for the day if you do not participate on every question

62. Label the Skeleton

63. Which bone is it? 1. Protects the brain? 2. Jaw? 3. Protects the heart and lungs? 4. Spine? 5. Thigh bone? 6. Ankle? 7. Wrist? 8. Upper arm?

64. Which bone is it? 9. Forearm bone on pinky side? 10. Forearm bone on thumb side? 11. Fingers and toes? 12. Sit bones? 13. Hands on hips? 14. Knee cap? 15. Shoulder blade? 16. Collarbone?

65. More Practice….Mr. C. Says Directions: – Sit down when you get one of the bones incorrect. – Only point to the bone if I say, “Mr. C. says…” Last person standing gets 5 bonus points on quiz on FRIDAY!

66. Independent Practice Take out a sheet of paper. When I point to one of the bones on the skeleton, write the name of the bone on your sheet of paper. See how many you can get right. You will be graded on participation, not accuracy.

67. Do Now: Wed., Sept. 17 Objective: Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton Do Now: – What is your jaw bone? – What is the strongest/biggest bone in your body? – What is the difference between the radius and ulna? – What is the difference between the tibia and fibula? – What bone is the knee cap?

68. Skeletal System Divisions Skeletal system is divided into 2 major parts: – Axial Skeleton – Appendicular Skeleton

70. Axial Skeleton 80 bones Function: – Forms the longitudinal axis of the body – Bones are fused together – little range of motion

71. Axial Skeleton Consists of: Skull: cranium and facial bones Vertebral column Rib cage and sternum (bony thorax)

72. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Function: – Movement of the axial skeleton (lower limbs) – Manipulating objects (upper limbs)

73. Appendicular Skeleton Consists of: – Upper limb (arm) – Pectoral girdle (attach arm body) – Lower limb (leg) – Pelvic girdle (attach leg to body)

75. Practice Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton Coloring – Choose one color and color the axial skeleton. – Choose another color and color the appendicular skeleton. – Label the major bones. – Answer the practice questions.

76. Quick write: Thursday, Nov. 18 Objective: Joints Do Now: What is a joint? List 5 examples of joints in your body.

77. What is a joint? A place where two or more bones are joined together!

78. Joints Three types of joints: – Fixed – Partially moveable – Moveable

79. Fixed Joints A fixed joint does not move; it is fixed in place!  Example: cranium

80. Partially Moveable Joints A partially moveable joint allows for some movement, but not much!  Example: vertebrae

81. Moveable Joints A moveable joint allows for complete movement of the bones!  There are 5 types of moveable joints… ball-and-socket hinge pivot gliding saddle

82. Ball-and-Socket A ball and socket joint allows bones to swing in almost any direction – Produce a variety of movements  Examples: Shoulder: humerus meets scapula Hip: femur meets pelvis

83. Hinge A hinge joint allows movement in ONE direction – Motion in only one plane – Like opening/closing a door  Examples: Knee: tibia and femur Finger/toe: phalanges Elbow: humerus meets radius/ulna

84. Pivot A pivot joint is when one bone rests and rotates from a certain point – Allows a rotation similar to turning a dial  Example: neck Forearm: radius meets ulna

85. Gliding A gliding joint is where two bones that can move separately meet – Allows a variety of side-to side movements  Example: Wrist: carpals Ankle: tarsals

86. Saddle A saddle joint is when one bone moves back and forth on the other bone  Example: Thumb: metacarpal meets phalange

87. Knee? Hinge

88. Wrist? Gliding

89. Vertebrae? Partially Moveable

90. Cranium? Fixed

91. Thumb? Saddle

92. Moves in any direction? Ball-and-Socket

93. Shoulder? Ball-and-Socket

94. Only slight movement? Partially Moveable

95. Hip? Ball-and-Socket

96. No movement? Fixed

97. Elbow? Hinge

98. Rotating from side to side? Pivot

99. Moves in only ONE direction? Hinge

100. Neck? Pivot

101. Practice Human skeleton Graphic organizer - chart Labeling worksheet Practice questions

102. Do Now: Thursday, September 18 Objective: Bones Quiz and Skeletal System Reading Do Now: What bone is… – Ankle? – Wrist? – Back? – Collarbone? – Shoulder blade? – Upper arm?

103. Human Skeleton Reading With a partner, read through the Human Skeleton Reading and answer the following questions in your notes: – 1. How many bones do adults have? – 2. Who has more bones: babies or adults? Why? – 3. Bones grow by turning ____________ to bone. – 4. In how many years do your bones grow enough to form a new skeleton? – 5. What is the smallest, biggest, most useless, and funny bone?

104. Do Now: Thursday, September 18 Objective: Development of Bone Do Now: 1.What type of joint is the elbow and knee? 2.What type of joint is the hip and shoulder? 3.What is the only saddle joint in the body? 4.What is the only fixed joint in the body? **Open books to page 365.

105. Graphic Reading Organizer Vocabulary: osteoblasts, ossification, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoporosis 1. What are the purposes of bone? 2. What happens during ossification from osteoblasts to periosteum? 3. How is bone deposited, broken down, and replaced? 4. What do osteoclasts do and how do they do it? 5. What is osteoporosis and what does it have to do with calcium?

106. Objective: How to Distinguish Males from Females Do Now: What do you think are some differences between male and female skeletons?

107. Upcoming Agenda Forensic Anthropology: ~one week Handwriting Analysis/Chromatography: two weeks (LABS, LABS, LABS) Toxicology and Drugs: three weeks (project) END OF 3 rd Quarter!

108. Textbook Reading Read pages 365-368 and complete the guiding reading questions. For extra credit, complete activity 13-2 on page 381.

109. Do Now: Thursday, Feb. 3 Objective: FA Case Studies Do Now: Get a computer out and complete two case study summaries. Last day of Forensic Anthropology is today! Bones Episode tomorrow!

110. Slides that Follow… Chapter Notes Gender Age Height Bone Quiz

111. Forensic Anthropology (F.A.) A type of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the human skeletal system for purposes of identifying unknown remains Information gathered from the skeletal remains of an individual is the principal source of information about an unidentified individual

112. Questions can be Answered Using Forensic Anthropology Are the remains animal or human? Are the remains male or female? What is the age of the victim? What was the manner of death? – Natural, accidental, homicidal, suicidal, undetermined What was the cause of death? – Millions of possibilities; usually determined by injuries to the body

113. Forensic Anthropology Requires Knowledge of the Skeleton 1.Skull11. Fibula 2.Mandible12. Tibia 3.Clavicle13. Iliac Crest 4.Sternum14. Os Pubis 5.Xyphoid Process 6.Humerus 7.Radius 8.Ulna 9.Os Coxae 10.Femur

114. Animal or Human? Osteology--the study of bones Human and animal bones have very different structures When partial bones are only available, scientists look at the osteons – Osteons are the holes in bones that carry blood – In animals, they form regular patterns – In humans, the patterns are known to be more random

115. Male or Female? Bones in the male skeleton tend to be larger than those of the female skeleton The os pubis, sacrum, and the ilium of the pelvis are bones that have the most obvious differences between men and women

116. Male or Female? The ventral arc on the female pelvic bones is also more defined than that of the male pelvic bones

117. Male or Female?

119. Male Female

120. Age? Growth plates called epiphyses form together and eventually unite with age.

121. Age? Cranial sutures also form a completely connected skull by a certain age

122. Age? Scientists use the general age for sutures to fuse and compare that age to how formed together these bones are and can make a general age estimate

123. Race? Caucasoid: – Descriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian Descent – Characteristics: Long, narrow nasal aperture A Triangular Palate Oval Eye Orbits Narrow Zygomatic Arches Narrow Mandibles

124. Race?

125. Negroid: – A descriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian decent – Characteristics: Wide Nasal Aperture A Rectangular Palate Square Eye Orbits Pronounced Zygomatic Arches Long bones are longer and have greater density

126. Race?

127. Mongoloid: – Descriptor for people of Asian, Native American, and Polynesian descent – Characteristics: Rounded nasal aperture Parabolic palate Rounded eye orbits Wide zygomatic arches Pointed mandibles

128. Race?

129. Facial Reconstruction Used when traditional methods of identification are not useful Uses standard tissue thickness and facial muscles to build a new face on a skull The skull and skeleton gives information about age, race, and gender Not totally accurate and is more of an art form based in science

130. Steps in Facial Reconstruction Establish age, gender, and if possible, race Glue tissue markers to landmarks directly on the skull for tissue thickness

131. Steps in Facial Reconstruction Mark muscle insertion points and mount markers for thickness of tissue Mount eyes in sockets at the proper depth Apply clay to the skull following the contours, using markers and muscle insertion points Make measurements to determine nose thickness and length and the mouth thickness and width

132. Steps in Facial Reconstruction Cover the skull with layers of skin and add the details of the face

133. Facial Reconstruction

134. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 134 Catalyst 02.01.10 As a forensic anthropologist you are given a set of human remains (bones) and are asked to give as much information as you can to the investigators. What kind of information can you give them? Explain. Take out the bone activity from yesterday, we will discuss it after attendance.

135. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 135 Chapter 13 Forensic Anthropology: What We Learn from Bones By the end of this chapter you will be able to: describe how bone is formed distinguish between male and female skeletal remains explain how bones contain a record of injuries and disease describe how a person’s approximate age could be determined discuss the role of mitochondrial DNA in bone identification All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2009

136. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 136 Historical Development 1. 1800s: scientists began studying skulls. 2. 1932: FBI opened the first crime lab. 3. FBI + Smithsonian Institute = BFF. 4. Soldiers killed in World War II were identified using anthropologic techniques.

137. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 137 Characteristics of Bone What are the characteristics of bone? – They are alive. – They grow and repair damage. – They are rigid, but slightly flexible. WHY is this a good thing? What are the functions of bone? – Movement / support / protection – Store calcium (Ca) – Create RBCs in bone marrow

138. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 138 Development of Bone Bones originate from cells called osteoblasts. They migrate to the center of cartilage production and deposit minerals (Ca mostly). Throughout life, bones are broken down, deposited, and replaced. WHY? Osteoclasts break down bone to reshape the skeleton and remove cell waste.

139. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 139 Development of Bone

140. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 140 Number of Bones How many bones do you have in your body? – Adults have an average of 206 bones. Some have more, some have less, WHY? – Infants have 450 bones, WHY?

141. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 141 How Bones Connect Bones are held together at joints by: a. cartilage—wraps the ends of bones and keeps them from scraping one another. b. ligaments—connect two or more bones together. c. tendons—connect muscle to bone.

142. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 142 Aging of Bones Until about 30 years of age, bones increase in size. Deterioration after 30 can be slowed with exercise. Which is the picture of osteoporosis? Why?

143. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 143 What Bones Can Tell Us Osteobiography tells about a person through the study of the skeleton. The bones of a right-handed person, for example, would be slightly larger than the bones of the left arm. WHY? Forensic scientists realize that bones contain a record of the physical life. Give examples. Analyzing bones can reveal clues to such things as gender, age, height, and health.

144. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 144 Gender Look at chart 13.11 on page 367. – Reconstruct this chart in your notes. Study the chart as you work and be prepared to answer the questions on the next slide.

145. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 145 Gender Is the female skull smoother than the male’s? Which frontal bone is lower and sloping? Are the male’s eye orbits more circular? Which jaw is more square, with an angle that is closer to 90 o ?

146. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 146 Gender One of the easiest methods of determining the gender of a skeleton is by examining the pelvis. The surface of a woman’s pelvis can be scared. WHY? The sub pubic angle of the female pelvis is greater than 90 o ; the male’s, less.

147. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 147 Gender – Male or Female?

148. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 148 Conclusion Questions What can bones tell us about a person? What are four differences between a male and female skeleton? Homework: Read pgs 362-368 and review notes. Prepare for a bone quiz tomorrow. – Focus on the differences between a male and female pelvis and the development of bones.

149. Catalyst 1.29.09 Can we know for sure that a skeleton is male or female if we only look at brow ridge on the skull? Explain. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 149

150. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 150 Age During life, many of the 450 bones a person has at birth grow together, finally forming 206 bones. As the cartilage between them is replaced, an epiphysis line is visible. When the cartilage is fully replaced, the line is no longer visible. This information can be used to approximate a skeleton’s age.

151. Age Epiphyseal Lines Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 151

152. How to Distinguish Age Different bones mature at different rates. So using multiple bone characteristics we can estimate age. Like gender we need to look at many indicators, not just one. Look at the chart on page 370. Reflect on what this means for a person’s skeleton. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 152

153. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 153 How to Distinguish Age By about age 30, the suture at the back of the skull will have closed. By about age 32, the suture running across the top of the skull, back to front, will have closed. By about age 50, the suture running side to side over the top of the skull, near the front, will have closed.

154. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 154 Height Like age and gender height can be estimated as well. Why is this important? The approximate height of a person can be calculated from one of the long bones even if just one of those is found. Gender and race will need to be taken into consideration in making the estimate (if possible).

155. How to Distinguish Race Why is this more difficult and less precise than height, gender and age? Can be done using the skull and femur bones. Look at the chart on page 13.21 what are the three general race categories forensic anthropologists use? Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 155

156. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 156 Facial Reconstruction A face is formed by the skull with the muscles and tissues on top of the skull. Theoretically, nonetheless, a face can be rebuilt from just skeletal remains. Facial markers are positioned at critical locations on a skull, and clay is contoured to follow the height of the markers. Today, computer programs perform a similar function. These computer programs also can age missing persons and criminals.

157. Facial Reconstruction Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 157

158. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 158 DNA Evidence Bone contains little nuclear DNA. But it does contain mitochondrial DNA. What is this? Long after nuclear DNA has been lost through tissue degeneration, mitochondrial DNA can be obtained from bone. Results can be compared with living relatives on the mother’s side of the family to identify skeletal remains.

159. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 159 Skeletal Trauma Analysis Forensic anthropologists often determine if damage to bones occurred before or after death. Why is this important? Definite distinctions exist between patterns on bones made by weapons and the patterns created by the environment after death. Sharp-force trauma, blunt-force trauma, gunshot wounds, and knife wounds all have distinctive patterns.

160. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 13 160 Conclusion Questions What are three human characteristics that can be determined from a skeleton? Why are these important? What type of DNA can be found in a skeleton? What is facial reconstruction, why is it important? HOMEWORK: Read pgs369-373 finish activities 13.1-13.2

161. Distinguishing Sex - Skulls Eye shape (square vs. round) Male Female  Jaw shape (more square vs. V-shaped)  Brow ridge (thicker vs. thinner)

162. Distinguishing Gender - Skulls Occipital Protuberance (present in males)

163. Distinguishing Gender - Skulls Frontal bone – low & sloping vs. high & rounded MaleFemale  Surface – rough & bumpy vs. smooth  Jaw angle – about 90° vs. greater than 90°

164. Was this person male or female?

165. Distinguishing Sex – Pelvis Subpubic angle –90° in females, less in males

166. Distinguishing Gender – Pelvis Pelvic cavity – big vs. small Sacrum – curved out in females, inward in males Female pelvis may have scarring from childbirth.

167. Was this person male or female?

168. Distinguishing Gender – Thigh Bones The femur is thicker in males and joins the pelvis at a straighter angle than in females.

169. Estimating Age - Skull Skull plates grow together, forming suture marks. Teeth erupt with age

170. Estimating Age – Skull Suture marks where plates joined disappear with age.

171. Estimating Age – Cartilaginous Lines Many bones grow together as we age, replacing cartilage with bone. Different bones fuse at different ages.

172. Estimating Age – Cartilaginous Lines In long bones, the line of remaining cartilage is called the epiphysis. It disappears at different ages in different long bones.

173. Distinguishing Race Difficult due to mixed heritage Done by comparing shape of eye sockets, absence or presence of nasal spine, measuring the nasal opening, and comparing the projection of the upper jaw.

174. Estimating Height Done by measuring the long bones: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, & fibula Length is put into a formula that is different depending on race and gender.

175. Catalyst 1.28.09 Is the background a male or female pelvis? Justify your answer. Take out your notes and begin studying for today’s quiz. You will have 5 minutes. Focus on: – Bone Development – Gender differences. SKULL PELVIS

176. Homework Review your notes and today’s activities. – Turn in any missing assignments or late work!

177. Bone Quiz 5. Skull A

178. Bone Quiz 6. Skull B

179. Bone Quiz 7. Skull C

180. Bone Quiz 8. Skull D

181. Bone Quiz 9. Pelvis E

182. Bone Quiz 10. Pelvis F

183. 11. Pelvis G

184. Bone Quiz 12. Pelvis H

185. Activity 13.1 & 13.2 Title and Date your lab book for Activity 13.1. – For Procedure A: Write #’s 1-4 and estimate the age of the individual. – For Procedure A.1 (not found in your book) using figure 13-19 (pg. 370) develop two new problems using at least two different bone fusion indicators. Example: Humerous bones in the head are fused, but the pubis and ischium are not completely united.

186. Activity 13.1 & 13.2 Title and Date your lab book for Activity 13.2. – For Procedure A: Write out case #’s 1-4 answer the question then name the gender of the individual. Explain your reasoning. – For Procedure A.1 (not found in your book) using your book develop two new cases using at least two different bone indicators. Example: No scaring on the pelvis and smooth bones of the skull? What is the gender of the individual?