1. Information Requirements and Tools for Screening and Preliminary Assessment

2. EA Training Course 2 Tools and Methods Stages of EA  Screening: to determine nature & extent of analysis needed  Preliminary Assessment: to assess range of impacts and need for full- scale EIA  Scoping: to determine key issues and impacts  Conducting the EIA itself

3. EA Training Course 3 Tools and Methods Resources Required for Preparing an EA  Qualified multi-disciplinary staff  Established technical guidelines  Information about the project  Information about the environment  Analytical & administrative capabilities  Institutional arrangements  Review, monitoring, and enforcement powers  Time and money

4. EA Training Course 4 Tools and Methods Gathering Necessary Information  Collect environmental data (climate, land-use, habitats present, etc.) and socioeconomic data (culture, agricultural practices, water use, etc.) of the area  Rely on a variety of sources of information (local, government, universities, consultants, etc.)  Use available maps (topographical and physical), plans, and sketches that provide information on site characteristics

5. EA Training Course 5 Tools and Methods Typical Data Sources  Direct observation during site reconnaissance  Local population  University/training centers  Local consultants  Reports (e.g., National Action Plan, USAID Environmental Sector Assessment)  GIS data bases

6. EA Training Course 6 Tools and Methods Same Basic Tools for Assessing Environmental Impacts  Simple checklists: offers simplicity for gathering and classifying information  Interaction matrices: useful for impact identification, ranking, and displaying results  Network analyses: useful for identifying cause-effect relationships

7. EA Training Course 7 Tools and Methods Types of Checklists  Simple Lists  Descriptive Checklists  Scaling Checklists  Questionnaire Checklists  the USAID checklist (see PVO/NGO Guidelines...)

8. EA Training Course 8 Tools and Methods Example of a Simple checklist Proposed Activities clearingX cut/fillX dredgingX blasting- Environmental components: Physical air qualityX water qualityX water flowX Biological spawning habitatX rearing habitatX Socio-economic fishingX (After Sadar, 1994)

9. EA Training Course 9 Tools and Methods Sample of a checklist SEE SAMPLE IN PARTICIPANTS’ SOURCEBOOK

10. EA Training Course 10 Tools and Methods Checklists + & -  Advantages  can structure initial stages of assessment  help to ensure that vital factors are not neglected  are easy to apply, particularly by non- experts  Disadvantages  deal only with the environment  pose danger of “tunnel vision”

11. EA Training Course 11 Tools and Methods Interaction Matrices  Allow for the identification of cause- effect relationships  Qualitative or quantitative estimates can be used  Can address impact severity and significance

12. EA Training Course 12 Tools and Methods Example of an Interaction Matrix After Sadar, 1994

13. EA Training Course 13 Tools and Methods Sample of a Leopold Matrix IN PARTICIPANTS’ SOURCEBOOK

14. EA Training Course 14 Tools and Methods Network Analyses  Used to identify cause-effect linkages  Visual description of linkages  Extension of information found in matrices

15. EA Training Course 15 Tools and Methods Example of a Network Analysis Salmonoid populations FishingSpawning Temperature Flow Water Quality (Suspended Matter) AccessDredgingClearing (After Sadar, 1994)

16. EA Training Course 16 Tools and Methods Network Analyses + & -  Advantages  Provides visual summaries that are easily understood and communicated to decision- makers and the public  Useful for identifying important indirect impacts  Disadvantages  May oversimplify relationships; can be hard to show adequate level of detail  As with above methods analysis is static  Doesn’t show relative significance of impacts

17. EA Training Course 17 Tools and Methods Maps  Many types  Commonly available  Effective visual representation of critical environmental features  May portray biophysical and social aspects

18. EA Training Course 18 Tools and Methods Map Overlays  Separate mapping of critical environmental features at the same scale as project's site plan  e.g. wetlands, steep slopes, soils, floodplains, bedrock outcrops, wildlife habitats, vegetative communities, and cultural resources...  Older Technique: environmental features are mapped on transparent plastic in different colors  Newer Technique: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

19. EA Training Course 19 Tools and Methods Map Overlays + & -  Advantages  Excellent for showing spatial dimension and location of impacts  Most useful for assessing alternative routes for linear developments, e.g. pipelines, roads, transmission lines  Disadvantages  Less successful with timing, reversibility, and probability of impacts  Sharp boundary definitions can be misleading

20. EA Training Course 20 Tools and Methods Tools for Evaluation & Decision- Making  Cost-Benefit Analysis  Multi-Criteria Analysis  Risk Assessment  Simple Comparisons

21. EA Training Course 21 Tools and Methods EA & Public Participation  Gives communities a voice in development plans  Should begin in earliest stages  Can be formalized in public sessions  Has often been absent in EIA

22. EA Training Course 22 Tools and Methods Sample checklist for Project Analysis ProjectPotential RecommendedDegree of ActivityEnvironmentalMitigationEnvironmentalImpact

23. EA Training Course 23 Tools and Methods Practical Steps in Environmental Analysis  Step 1: List activities -- all, in detail  Goal/Purpose of Project (Consider Alternatives)  Ancillary Activities (Quarries, Haul Roads, Transmission Lines)  Inputs Needed (Raw Materials, Energy, Equipment)  Operational Characteristics  By-products and Waste Produced  Financing Plan and Sequencing/Phasing of Activities

24. EA Training Course 24 Tools and Methods  Step 2: Use Tools Available  Matrices  Checklists  Map Overlays  Relational Networks  Flow Diagrams

25. EA Training Course 25 Tools and Methods  Step 3: Identify Foreseeable Impacts of Each Activity  What components of the environment are affected? Such as: human health, endangered species, tropical forests,...  Who is subjected to the incidence of the impacts?  How severe is the magnitude and extent of each impact?  When do the impacts occur (planning, construction, operation, decommissioning)?  Where? Geographical units affected by the impacts? Watershed? Political/administrative units? Ecological units?  Why are the impacts occurring?  How do activities fit within the development context of the locale, country, or region? Critical or sensitive resources

26. EA Training Course 26 Tools and Methods  Step 4: Field Visit and Site Reconnaissance  Investigate environment  Discuss Activity with People  Step 5: Assemble Documents  Step 6: Discuss/Consult with Specialists (soil scientists, animal behavior specialists, wildlife biologists, agronomists, foresters, hydrologists, experts in EIA and environmental information systems

27. EA Training Course 27 Tools and Methods  Step 7: Use a table to visualize activities, foreseeable impacts and relevant regulation or procedures (both USAID and national):  Classify activity according to the level of impacts on the environment

28. EA Training Course 28 Tools and Methods  Step 8: Sort the Activities  8.1: Sort MECHANICALLY  No foreseeable impacts/Category 1  Significant impacts/Category 3  Pesticide-related  Tropical forests, biological diversity, endangered species effects (Category 4)  Other activities (modest possible impacts)/Category 2  8.2: Once the FIRST sort is done, go back to each group and decide whether an activity should be maintained in the category initially assigned or not. Consultation, literature review and another field visit can help

29. EA Training Course 29 Tools and Methods  Step 9: Devise Mitigative Measures:  Re-design to Avoid or Diminish Impacts  Recommend Corrective Measures/Activities  May Need Further Analysis or Study  Step 10: Devise Monitoring Procedures  Step 11: Write Report  Step 12: Evaluate the Activity and the Effectiveness of Mitigative Measures