2. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez

3. Historical Perspectives on Abnormal behavior zThe Ancient World yChina (200 AD) Chung Ching stated that both organ pathologies & stressful psychological situations were causes of mental disorders. yGreece xHippocrates (460-377 BC) believed mental illness was the result of natural, as opposed to supernatural, causes. xGalen (130-200 AD) divided the causes of mental disorders into physical and psychological explanations.

4. Middle Ages (500-1500 AD) zIslamic countries- a. mental hospitals were established (792 AD)b. persian doctor Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine(medications). zEurope –abnormal behavior was most frequently viewed as demonic possession. treatment entailed – prayer & exorcism.

5. The Renaissance zSpanish nun Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) established the conceptual framework that the mind can be sick. zBoth Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of Germany and Scot (1538-1599) of England used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession.

6. Humanitarian Reforms (18 th -19 th century) zIn France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) pioneered a compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill & established a hospital in Paris. zIn England, William Tuke (1732-1822) introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill & helped to change public attitudes regarding their treatment. zIn US, Benjamin rush (1745-1813) founder of American Psychiatry, encouraged humane treatment of the mentally ill & hospitals.

7. Scientific Advances of the 20 th Century zDevelopment in technology such as MRI and PET scans have added to our knowledge of the biological bases of psychological disorder. MRI PET zDevelopment in pscychopharmacology have provided effective treatment for many psychological disorder.

8. Mood Disorders- Bipolar zPET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed stateManic stateDepressed state

9. Anxiety Disorders zPET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder zHigh metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

10. Psychological Disorders- Etiology zDSM-IV yAmerican Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) ya widely used system for classifying psychological disorders yHand out

11. Take out disorder sheet z add Borderline Personality disorder

12. MENTAL DISORDERS

13. Schizophrenia zSchizophrenia yliteral translation “split mind” ya group of severe disorders characterized by: xdisorganized and delusional thinking xdisturbed perceptions xinappropriate emotions and actions

14. Schizophrenia zDelusions yfalse beliefs, often of torture or greatness, that may accompany psychotic disorders zHallucinations yfalse sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

15. Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types

16. Schizophrenia Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic 40 30 20 10 0 General population SiblingsChildrenFraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin

17. Psychological Disorders- Etiology zNeurotic disorder (term seldom used now) yusually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially yFreud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety zPsychotic disorder yperson loses contact with reality yexperiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

18. Anxiety Disorders zAnxiety Disorders ydistressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety zGeneralized Anxiety Disorder yperson is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal zPhobia ypersistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

19. Anxiety Disorders zCommon and uncommon fears Afraid of itBothers slightlyNot at all afraid of it Being closed in, in a small place Being alone In a house at night Percentage of people surveyed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 SnakesBeing in high, exposed places MiceFlying on an airplane Spiders and insects Thunder and lightning DogsDriving a car Being In a crowd of people Cats

20. Anxiety Disorders zObsessive-Compulsive Disorder ycharacterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) zPanic Disorder ymarked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

21. Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or BehaviorPercentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework

22. Mood Disorders zMood Disorders ycharacterized by emotional extremes zMajor Depressive Disorder ya mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

23. Mood Disorders zManic Episode ya mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state zBipolar Disorder ya mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania yformerly called manic-depressive disorder

24. Mood Disorders- Depression Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life 20 15 10 5 0 USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Around the world women are more susceptible to depression

25. Mood Disorders- Depression 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years 10% 8 6 4 2 0 Percentage depressed Females Males

26. Mood Disorders- Suicide 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Suicides per 100,000 people 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Males Females The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood

27. Mood Disorders- Suicide zIncreasing rates of teen suicide 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 12% 10 8 6 4 2 0 Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 (per 100,000)

28. Mood Disorders- Depression zAltering any one component of the chemistry- cognition-mood circuit can alter the others Brain chemistry Cognition Mood

29. Mood Disorders- Depression zA happy or depressed mood strongly influences people’s ratings of their own behavior Negative Positive behaviors Self-ratings 35% 30 25 20 15 Percentage of observations

30. Mood Disorders- Depression zThe vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood

31. Dissociative Disorders zDissociative Disorders yconscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings zDissociative Identity Disorder yrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities yformerly called multiple personality disorder

32. Personality Disorders zPersonality Disorders ydisorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning yusually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

33. Personality Disorders zAntisocial Personality Disorder ydisorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members ymay be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

34. Personality Disorders zPET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer

35. Personality Disorders Percentage of criminal offenders 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Total crimeThieveryViolence Childhood poverty Obstetrical complications Both poverty and obstetrical complications

36. Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Ethnicity Gender Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6