1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

2. TOPIC #4: Muscular System
Muscle Vocabulary
Introduction to Muscles Worksheet
Microscopic Anatomy of Muscles
Vocabulary Quiz
Muscle Hodge Podge
Skeletal Muscles (36 presentations)
Muscle Labels
Movement Lab
Energy Used for Muscle Contractions
Muscular System Diseases
Muscular System Review and Crossword
Muscles and Aging

3. Skeletal muscle presentations
Name
Bone of Origin
Bone of insertion
Joint crosses
Why named?
Action
Antagonistic muscle (if any)
Skeletal muscle
presentations

4. Muscle vocabulary Threshold stimulus Motor neuron Fascicle
Myosin/Actin
Sarcomere
Cholinterase
Acetylcholine
Muscle Cramp
All-or-none Response
Atrophy vs. Atony
Muscle tone
Myostatin
Agonists
Antagonists
Synergists
Fixators

5. BASIC TRAINING Latin word mus? Little mouse
3 types of muscles? Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Striated?
Tendons?
Housekeeping muscles?
Functions of muscles?
Key words:
Skeletal: skeletal, striated, voluntary
Smooth: involuntary, visceral, non-striated
Cardiac: cardiac, involuntary, striated
Cardiac muscle: HEART
Contracting: muscle shortens

6. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

7. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Contains cells, nerve fibers, connective tissues, blood vessels
Covered externally by epimysium
Bundle of cells, separated by connective tissue sheath
Surrounded by perimysium
Elongated, multiple cells, multinucleate, has striated appearance
Surrounded by endomysium

9. MUSCLE FIBERS ARE NOT SINGLE CELLS!
They are a FUSION of many cells = myoblasts
Each Muscle Fiber Contains:
An array of myofibrils
Mitochondria – responsible for Cellular Respiration
Convert chemical energy (food) into cellular energy (ATP)
Also called sarcosomes
Many nuclei (multi-nucleate)
Sarcolemma = cell membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum = ER
Sarcoplasm??
Sarcomere…

10. SARCOMERES Muscle fibers are STRIATED
Myofibrils are made up parallel filaments (thick & thin)
Striations are created by dark A bands and light I bands
A bands are bisected by the M line
I bands are bisected by the Z disk
Thick filaments produce the dark A band & contain myosin
Thin filaments produce the light I band & contain actin

11. Entire array of thick and thin filaments between Z disks
video

12. Read pages 166 and 167 WRITE OUT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PLEASE!
What split ATP to generate power for muscle contraction?
What links the thick and thin filaments together during muscle contraction?
Why does the light, H zone seem to disappear during muscle contraction?
What is the major role of the SR?
What provides the “go” signal for muscle contraction?
Also answer #1 on page 198 and #3 on page 199

13. #5
Muscle
Hodge
Podge

14. Golden Rules of Muscle Activity
All muscles cross at least one joint.
Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies PROXIMAL to the joint crossed.
All muscles have at least 2 attachments: the origin and the insertion.
Muscles can only pull, they never push.
During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin.

15. Points of muscle attachment in bone
Origin = less movable bone
Insertion = movable bone; moves toward origin when contracting

16. Body movement occurs when muscles contract across joints
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
Rotation (lateral = away vs. medial = towards)
Abduction (away from midline), Adduction (toward midline)
Circumduction
FOOT: Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Inversion, Eversion,
Supination, Pronation
Opposition
Elevation, Depression, Retraction, Protraction

17. Elevation: scapula is raised, “shrugging the shoulders”
Depression: scapula pulls down to a more inferior position
Protraction: scapula moves forward, “hunching the shoulders”
Retraction: scapula moves backward, “squaring the shoulders”

18. Muscles must work in REVERSE pairs to move the bones.
Muscles CANNOT push!
Muscles must work in REVERSE pairs to move the bones.
Immense variety of movement possible
Prime mover: muscle with majority of responsibility of causing movement
Antagonists: oppose/reverse a movement
Synergists: help prime movers by producing same movement or lessening other movements
Fixators: specialized synergists, used for stabilizing purposes

19. Naaaammmme That Muscle!
Muscles are named, based on various characteristics.
Location example: tibialis anterior is located near the front of the tibia bone.
Size: example: maximus means larger & minimus means smaller. (pectoralis major & minor muscles of the chest)

20. Number of origins/insertions: based on the number of origins, example: quadriceps femoris (which has 4 = quad)
Fiber direction: example: rectus (straight) runs parallel to midline of body. Oblique run slanted to midline of the body.
Muscle shape: example: deltoid means triangular
Muscle action: example: flexor, adductor, extensor

21. Important Skeletal Muscles
Facial Muscles
Neck Muscles
Anterior Trunk Muscles
Posterior Trunk Muscles
Upper Limb Muscles
Lower Limb Muscles

22. #6 Muscle Mania

23. Muscles of the Human Body Muscles of the head and neck: The muscles of the face and head can be divided into 3 main categories: (A) muscles of expression – orbicularis, buccinator, frontalis, occipitalis (B) muscles of chewing – masseter, temporalis and (C) muscles of the neck – sternocleidomastoid.
Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder: Sternocleidomastoid, Trapezius, Deltoid, Rotator Cuff: is a group of 4 muscles which hold the head of the arm bone in the shoulder joint and attach the arm to the chest.
Muscles of the Chest and Back: muscle of the chest includes  - Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor and Intercostal Muscles. The muscles of the back include – Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi and Serratus Posterior.
Muscles of the Upper Extremity: the muscles of the upper arm include – Coracobrachialis, Biceps, Brachialis and the Triceps muscle.  The muscles of the forearm include - Pronator Teres, Extensor Digitorum Communis and the Flexor Carpi Radialis. Muscles of the hand include - Palmaris Brevis, Abductor Digiti Quinti, Abductor Pollicis Brevis and the Flexor Pollicis Brevis muscle.
Muscles of the Lower Extremity: the muscles of the thigh and shin region include - Quadriceps Muscles, Hamstring Muscles, Tibialis Anterior, Calf Muscles and yhe Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle. The muscles of the foot include - Plantar Aponeurosis, Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis and the Abductor Digiti Quinti.

24. What’s the difference??

26. As You Age, Your Muscles…
decrease in size (diameter)
lose myofibrils (especially fast twitch)
contain less ATP & glycogen = less power produced = tend to fatigue more easily
develop Fibrosis (increase in connective tissue)
makes muscles less flexible &inhibits movement
have less blood flowing to them (reduced circulation)
do not heal/repair themselves as well
OVERALL EFFECT: reduced size, strength, endurance

27. Muscular System Diseases
Usually extremely painful, result in physical impairments (such as an inability to walk).
Nerve damage
Muscular Dystrophy
Myasthenia Gravis
ALS
Cerebral palsy
Torticollis

28. Page 198
Multiple Choice
1. c. Light I bands – contain only actin – during contraction, sarcomeres shorten – cause actin filaments to slide together leaving only dark A bands visible.
3. c. Resistance
4. b. abducting (maybe a. extending)
5. all of them!
6. all but c (vastus do not attach to hip)
7. all but c (vastus do not move hip)
8. a. biceps, b. triceps, d. lat

29. At the Clinic
#1: deltoid, gluteus medius (for big amounts), 2 quad muscles (lat. vastus & rectus femoris)***
#2: tore gastrocnemius from its insertion point in Achilles tendon
#3: pects major, lats, deltoid, triceps, biceps, traps
#4: Eric utilized glycolysis and anaerobic respiration because lack of oxygen. This makes less ATP which sends the cells into lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid builds up causing the pain.
#6: lateral flexion of spine causes scoliosis

30. STUDY! Functions of muscles Compare skeletal, smooth and caridac
Microscopic Anatomy of muscles
Attachments to bones
Body movements
Agonist vs. antagonist vs. fixators vs. synergists
Presentations (mostly actions)
Aging
Lab terminology (chewing muscles, etc.)
Diseases