1. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE Computer Hardware 1

2. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 2 Technology Guide Outline TG1.1 Introduction TG1.2 The Central Processing Unit TG1.3 Computer Memory TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies TG1.6 Innovations in Hardware Utilization TG1.7 Strategic Hardware Issues 2

3. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 3 Learning Objectives Identify the major hardware components of a computer system. Describe the design and functioning of the central processing unit. Discuss the relationships between microprocessor component designs and performance. Describe the main types of primary and secondary storage. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity. 3

4. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 4 Learning Objectives Define enterprise storage and describe the various types of enterprise storage. Describe the hierarchy of computers according to power and their respective roles. Differentiate among the various types of input and output technologies and their uses. Discuss the innovations in hardware utilization. Discuss strategic issues that link hardware design to business strategy. 4

5. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 5 TG1.1 Introduction Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system. 5

6. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 6 Hardware consists of: Central processing unit (CPU) –manipulates data; controls the tasks performed by the other components. Primary storage –internal to the CPU; temporarily stores data & program instructions during processing. Secondary storage –external to the CPU; stores data & programs for future use. Input technologies –accept data & instructions and converts them to a form that the computer can understand. Output technologies –presents data & information in a form people can understand. Communication technologies –provide for the flow of data from external computer networks (e.g. the Internet and intranets) to the CPU, and from the CPU to computer networks. 6

7. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 7 TG1.2 The Central Processing Unit Central processing unit (CPU) performs the actual computation or “number crunching” inside any computer. Microprocessor is made up of millions of microscopic transistors embedded in a circuit on a silicon chip. –Control Unit sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them and controls the flow of data to and from the ALU, the registers, the caches, primary storage, secondary storage and various output devices. –Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU) performs the mathematic calculations and makes logical comparisons. –Registers are high-speed storage areas that store very small amounts of data & instructions for short periods of time. –Primary Storage temporarily stores data & program instructions during processing. 7

8. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 8 Central Processing Unit (CPU) (continued) 8

9. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 9 How the CPU Works (continued) 9 See this view from Intel of how a chip works http://www.intel.com/education/mpworks/intro.htmview

10. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 10 Advances in Microprocessor Design Moore’s Law=microprocessor complexity would double every two years as a result of the following changes: –Increasing miniaturization of transistors. –Making the physical layout of the chip’s components as compact and efficient as possible. –Using materials for the chip that improve the conductivity (flow) of electricity. –Targeting the amount of basic instructions programmed into the chip. 10

11. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 11 Evolution of Computer Power/Cost 11

12. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 12 What factors determine the speed of the microprocessor? Microprocessor speed is rated in machine instruction cycles per second, or MIPS. MIPS are determined by the following factors: –The preset speed of the clock that times all chip activities, measured in megahertz (MHz). The faster the clock speed the faster the chip (a 500 MHz chip is less than a 1.0 GHz chip). –The word length, which is the number of bits (0s and 1s) that can be processed at any time. Today’s chips are designed to handle 32-bit, or 64-bit word length. The larger the word length, the faster the chip. –The bus width. The wider the bus (the physical avenues down which the data and information travel as electrical impulses), the more data can be moved and the faster the processing. Buses are measured in microns (millionths of a meter). –The physical design of the chip. Specifically, the distance between transistors is known as line width. The smaller the line width, the more transistors, and the faster the chip. 12

13. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 13 How the CPU Works-Definitions Binary form –The form in which data & instructions can be read by the CPU – only 0s and 1s. Machine instruction cycle: –The cycle of computer processing, whose speed is measured in terms of the number of instructions a chip processes per second. Clock speed: –The preset speed of the computer clock that times all chip activities, measured in megahertz and gigahertz. Word length: –The number of bits (0s and 1s) that can be processed by the CPU at any one time. Bus width: –The size of the physical paths down which the data and instructions travel as electrical impulses on a computer chip. Line width: –The distance between transistors; the smaller the line width, the faster the chip. 13

14. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 14 Digital Data Representation Handout 14

15. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 15 TG1.3 Computer Memory Two basic categories of computer memory: –Primary Storage Stores small amounts of data and information that will be immediately used by the CPU. –Secondary Storage Stores much larger amounts of data and information (an entire software program, for example) for extended periods of time. 15

16. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 16 Memory Capacity Bit: –Short for binary digit (0s and 1s), the only data that a CPU can process. Byte: –An 8-bit string of data, needed to represent any one alphanumeric character or simple mathematical operation. 16 In this picture, one byte, 01001000, represents the letter H

17. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 17 Hierarchy of Memory Capacity Bit –One binary digit Byte –8 bits Kilobyte (KB) –Approximately one thousand bytes, (1024 or 2 10 bytes) Megabyte (MB) –Approximately one million bytes (1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024 x 1,024 or 2 20 bytes). Gigabyte (GB) –Actually 1,073,741,824 bytes (1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 or 2 30 bytes). Terabyte –One trillion bytes, or 2 40 bytes. Petabyte –One thousand terabytes, or 2 50 bytes. Exabyte –One thousand petabytes, or 2 60 bytes. Zettabyte –One thousand exabytes. 17

18. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 18 Primary Storage Primary storage or main memory stores three types of information for very brief periods of time: 1.Data to be processed by the CPU; 2.Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data; 3.Operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computer’s operation. Primary storage takes place in chips mounted on the computer’s main circuit board, called the motherboard. 18

19. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 19 Main Types of Primary Storage Registers –Registers are part of the CPU with the least capacity, storing extremely limited amounts of instructions and data only immediately before and after processing. Random Access Memory (RAM) –The part of primary storage that holds a software program and small amounts of data when they are brought from secondary storage. Cache Memory –A type of primary storage where the computer can temporarily store blocks of data used more often. Read-only Memory (ROM) –Type of primary storage where certain critical instructions are safeguarded; the storage is nonvolatile and retains the instructions when the power to the computer is turned off. 19

20. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 20 Internal workings of personal computer 20 RAM Hard disk drive Floppy disk drive CPU board with fan

21. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 21 Primary versus Secondary Memory 21

22. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 22 Secondary Storage Memory capacity that can store very large amounts of data for extended periods of time. It is non-volatile. It takes much more time to retrieve data because of the electromechanical nature. –Magnetic tape (sequential access) –Magnetic disks (direct access) –Optical storage devices –Flash memory devices –Enterprise Storage Systems It is cheaper than primary storage. It can take place on a variety of media. 22

23. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 23 Magnetic Tape 23 Magnetic tape reel Magnetic tape cartridge

24. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 24 Hard Drive 24

25. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 25 The IBM Microdrive 25

26. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 26 Optical Storage Devices Optical storage devices: A form of secondary storage in which a laser reads the surface of a reflective plastic platter. –Compact disk, read-only memory (CD-ROM): A form of secondary storage that can be only read and not written on. –Digital video disk (DVD): An optical storage device used to store digital video or computer data. 26

27. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 27 Flash Memory Devices Non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed. –Flash memory devices –Thumb drive 27

28. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 28 Enterprise Storage Systems An independent, external system with intelligence that includes two or more storage devices. Three types of enterprise storage: –Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID): An enterprise storage system that links groups of standard hard drives to a specialized microcontroller that coordinates the drives so they appear as a single logical drive. –Storage area network (SAN): An enterprise storage system architecture for building special, dedicated networks that allow rapid and reliable access to storage devices by multiple servers. –Network-attached storage (NAS) device is a special-purpose server that provides file storage to users who access the device over a network; plug-and-play. 28

29. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 29 TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy Supercomputers – Greatest processing power available Mainframe Computers – Relatively large computers used by 1000s of users. Midrange Computers - computers that are more powerful and capable than personal computers but less powerful and capable than mainframe computers. Workstations Notebooks and Desktop Computers Ultra-mobile PCs Computing devices 29

30. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 30 NASA Supercomputer 30

31. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 31 Mainframes and Mid-range computers 31 IBM System Z mainframe IBM iSeries midrange computer

32. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 32 Desktops, Laptops, Notebooks 32 Dell desktop HP notebook IBM Thinkpad laptop (now Lenovo)

33. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 33 Ultramobile PC 33

34. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 34 TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies Input technologies allow people and other technologies to put data into a computer. Output technologies allow information generated by a computer to be transmitted to the user via output devices and media. 34

35. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 35 Input Technologies The two main types of input devices are: –Human Data-Entry Devices Include Keyboards, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Touchscreen, Stylus and Voice Recognition; –Source-Data Automation Devices Input Data with Minimal Human Intervention (E.G. Barcode Reader). Speed up data collection; Reduce errors; Gather data at the source of a transaction or other event. 35

36. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 36 Output Technologies Output generated by a computer can be transmitted to the user over several output devices and media, which include: –Monitors –Printers –Plotters –Voice 36

37. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 37 We’ve come a long way! 37 Keypunch machine Punch card

38. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 38 Microsoft Seadragon Microsoft Seadragon is a very interesting interface. See a demonstration here.here 38

39. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 39 The Multitouch Screen 39 Jeff Han presents the multitouch screen at the TED talks.screen

40. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 40 Microsoft Surface Computing 40 Microsoft Surface Computing offers a new interface for users. This technology is also called the Microsoft “coffee table.” DemoDemo Another look at Microsoft Surface Computing Demo Demo

41. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 41 Bluetooth Laser Virtual Keyboard 41

42. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 42 The Maltron Keyboard The Maltron keyboard is designed to lessen user fatigue and perhaps carpal tunnel syndrome. Note the angles of the keys and the many keys that are operated with your thumbs. 42

43. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 43 Multimedia Technology Multimedia technology is the computer-based integration of text, sound, still images, animation and digitized motion video. Merges capabilities of computers with televisions, VCRs, CD players, DVD players, video and audio recording equipment, music and gaming technologies. 43

44. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 44 Multimedia Authoring System 44

45. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 45 TG1.6 Innovations in Hardware Utilization Server Farms: massive data centers that contain thousands of networked computer servers. Virtualization: using software to create partitions on a single server so that multiple applications can run on a single server. Grid computing involves applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at the same time. Utility computing (also called subscription computing and on-demand computing) is when a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to a customer as needed for a charge based on specific usage rather than a flat rate. Edge Computing: process where parts of Web content and processing are located close to the user to decrease response time and lower processing costs. Autonomic Computing: systems that manage themselves without direct human intervention. Nanotechnology refers to the creation of materials, devices and systems at a scale of 1 to 100 nanometers (billionths of a meter). 45

46. Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 46 TG1.7 Strategic Hardware Issues How do organizations keep up with the rapid price and performance advancements in hardware? How often should an organization upgrade its computers and storage systems? Will upgrades increase personal and organizational productivity? How can organizations measure such increase? How do organizations manage telecommuting? Do you want to be the one solving these problems? –It could be part of your career... 46