1. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.20091 Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 11 20 th Century Architecture (Part 4) Congress of International Architecture & Modernism (CIAM) Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning

2. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture 1. First Generation Frank Lloyd Wright, Mies Van Der Rohe, Walter Gropious & Le Corbusier Style of 1 st Generation: - The refusal of adopting traditional architecture on the basis that old architecture did not suit the needs & desire of the users; - Seeking great effort to arrive at individual solutions (They left behind new ways of thinking & distinguished approaches without considering these as a style of architecture; - Buildings produced do much emphasize individualism & dictatorship; & - Approaches provided expresses each architect personal character Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 2

3. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture The most important schools featuring the 1 st generation are: 1. Bau House 2. CIAM Group 3. Functional Theory 4. Organic Theory Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 3

4. CIAM Group Established in 1928 comprising 24 architects seeking the development of modern architecture & has its focus on residential development and urban planning The Group has hold 10 meetings as follows; 1. The first concentrated on economic & social aspects of Architecture 2. The 2 nd meeting revolved around affordable housing and the search for a better housing conditions 3. The 3 rd meeting held in Brussels discussing land use & the materials used for building construction 4. The 4 th meeting offered the Athena Summit in 1933 discussing the useful city where the city itself has been classified as: residential, working, entertainment & transport. 5. The fifth meeting held in England was centered on the creation of natural atmosphere responding to human senses Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 4

5. CIAM Group 6. The 6 th & 7 th meetings certified that Architecture culture has to teach design methods instead of developing skills 7. The 8 th meeting held in London providing a report on city centre development 9. The 9 th meeting was concerned with the principles of structural construction in line with development growth 10. The 10 th meeting studies the relationship between physical shape of buildings & both the social needs & psychological effects. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 5

6. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture Alvar A alto Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 6 2. 2 nd Generation Largely influenced by ideas & thought of 1 st generation despite the attempts of getting ride of such ideas. The most important architects of 2 nd generation: Philip Johnson Marcel Breuer Louis Khan

7. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 2 nd Generation Alvar A alto His philosophy & Opinion: - Architecture should emphasize calmness, warmness & Harmony - His work was far from being abstract & from ornaments as well as from unnecessary additions The style adopted: - The use of wood in addition to stone (these 2 materials are the most common ones in Finland) - The use of concrete as an essential construction material saying that Architecture does not need smooth surface structure - The use of wood in the interior (stairs) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 7

8. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 2 nd Generation Alvar A alto His buildings: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 8 1. Villa Mairea 2. Local Authority of Saynatsalo 3. The Library of Mont Anglo

9. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 2 nd Generation Louis Khan His philosophy: - The design should largely emphasize the nature and the time where the design is born - Believed in the reinforced concrete as the only suitable material for building construction whereas the steel or iron are more suitable for ship construction - He says: If the distance between one column & another is more than 30 meters, then the interior space is inhuman losing much more than earning, as the space in between is lost. - tends to emphasize the verticality rather than horizontality - in favor of adopting the classical architecture - The use of clear and straight lines in the floor plans Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 9

10. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 2 nd Generation Louis Khan The style adopted: - Giving the design a strength by the use of natural materials ( Concrete & red stone) - Clearness - No finishing materials used: the materials of concrete & stones were left as they are. - The use of glass - His attitude is: “ Building as it wants to be” - The emphasis in design is on the relationship between shape, social needs & psychological ones - The differentiation between service area (stair case, lifts, ramps, etc) and served area - Service area are constructed of concrete while served area is of Glass - Contrast in the design: hard/smooth, concrete/glass, low/high, etc Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 10

11. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 2 nd Generation Louis Khan His building: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 11 1. Laboratory clinics in Phyladilphia 2. Yale University of Art 3. Richard Medical Research Building

12. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 2 nd Generation Marcel Breuer his philosophy: attention to details & very clear in expressing the design ideas. “A building is man made, acrystalic constructing thing, it should imitate natural, it should be contrast with natural”. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 12 Buildings: 2. HUD Office in Washington 3. Australian Embassy, Paris 1. Geller House II

13. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation Its goal is to approach issues of architecture that has not been discussed by 1 st & 2 nd generations Its motive was to develop the architecture of 21 st century Architects of 3 rd generation refuse the idea of constant architecture that is inherited New ideas emerged that are represented in: - the massive buildings (Mega Structure) - Capsule design & the theory of additive, substraction & replacement - The space city Archigram (London) & Metabolism (Japan) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 21.04.09 13

14. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Archigram architects have had less options to spread out their ideas. They focused their intention on the design of a living city Many were not in agreement with the Archigram style of architecture & consider it as an art. This was much in contrast to Metabolism, largely adopting the modern technology, encouraged by the Japanese government Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 14

15. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Archigram architects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 15

16. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Major projects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 16 Plug in city (1966) by Peter Cook The city design involves metallic housing units; It is a model that is so designed to be repeated, replaced, or to be additive; Its basement is largely made of reinforced concrete or of steel; Such plug in city model has all services included in residential, constructed in the same way adopting to necessary changes.

17. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) In the design of “Plug in City”, Peter Cock has made the following with regard to the proposed time limit: - Change of housing units and their orientation each 15 years - Living rooms & bedrooms: 5-8 years - Kitchen & bathrooms: 3 years - The use of inner retail space each 6 months while its location & orientation: 3-6 months - Working spaces: 4 years - Refurbishment of transport network: 20 years - The whole city construction has a time limit of 40 years Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 17

18. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Philosophy of Peter Cock - It is impossible to design spaces for ages adopting to the new technologies invented - Spaces have no changes with regards to human needs (Architectural heritage) - Spaces have changes with regard to human needs adopting to the new conditions Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 18

19. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Projects of Archigram Group: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 19 Plug in Tower by Warren Chalk Plug in City by Peter Cook

20. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Archigram) Projects of Archigram Group: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 20 Walking City- 1964 – by Ron Herro

21. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Meaning of ‘Metabolism’: 1. A group of Japanese architects representing the modern thought in architecture based on biological functions & principles. 2. Its philosophy is looking at the society as one integrated unit including animals and plants Accordingly, As the society is a livable process having ongoing development, architecture and adopted technologies have to reflect such livable character within its structural system as it does occur in the surrounding environment Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 21

22. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Architects of Metabolism: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 22 كیشو كاراكارا كیكیوتك ارتا ایزوزاكي كاوازو لكنزو تانج Philosophy of the Metabolism Group: 1.Every changing, developed or replaced and this apply to architecture 2.Traditional buildings are built for 10 years, 100 years or even 1000 of years 3.Changing of society's needs and the way each generation is using the space within and/or outside the building forces us having a design adopting easily to occurring changes Spaces classified as: 1.Serving parts 2.Living spaces

23. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Major Projects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 23 1. Floating City by Kisho Kurokawa 2. Capsule units

24. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Major Projects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 24 2. Capsule units

25. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Major Projects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 25 3. Helix City by Kisho Kurokawa 4. Wall City 5 Ocean City

26. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Major Projects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 26 6. City in the Sky 7. Space city 8. Agriculture City

27. Architectural Attitudes in the 20 th Century Architecture: 3rd Generation (Metabolism) Major Projects: Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 27 8. Marine City 9. Um Al Kanhazier Project 10. Youth Castle