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2. Characteristics of Life
All living things are made of cells
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3. DISCOVERY OF THE CELL
The discovery of the cell became possible with the development of the microscope

4. The Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

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Cell Size and Types
Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope
Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
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Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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7. Cell Diversity
Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye. They range from 2 meters long to .2 micrometers
Longest cell
Neuron = 1.3m
Largest cell= ova
Smallest cell=sperm

8. Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
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9. Multicellular Organisms
Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)
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10. Specialized Animal Cells
Shape – The shape of a cell varies depending on the function of the cell
Red blood cells
Nerve cell
Cheek cells
Muscle cells

11. Specialized Plant cells
Guard Cells
Pollen
Xylem cells
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12. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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13. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
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Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles
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Golgi Bodies
Have a shipping side & a receiving side
Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER.
Proteins are used either inside or outside of the cell
Transport vesicle
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Lysosome
Contain digestive enzymes
Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells
Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
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Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Makes ribosomes that make proteins
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20. Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins Used in the cell, manufactures lipids, gets rid of poisons
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
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Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of energy production
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22. In Animal Cells: Mitochondria
Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria
Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

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Surrounding the Cell
Cell membrane
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable
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Cell Wall
Cell wall
Nonliving layer
Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
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More on Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion
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Control Organelle
Nucleus
Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNA
Bounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
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Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
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Plant Cell
Cell wall
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigid
Found in plant cells
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Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central vacuole
Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments
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31. Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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Animal cell
vacuole
cytoplasm
No cell wall or chloroplast
Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
nucleus
mitochondrion
cell membrane
glycogen granule
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33. Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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34. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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35. Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller in size
Relatively larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present
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36. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen as food storage
Starch as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Nucleus near cell wall
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37. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

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REVIEW
Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts
Like a highway transports proteins
Like a post office-packages proteins getting them ready for transport
Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things
Responsible for making ribosomes
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40. Levels of organization
Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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Tissue
A group of similar cells to perform a particular function
Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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Organ
Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions
Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels
Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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43. The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Air Space
Stoma
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44. The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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System
Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way
Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems
Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body Systems
Examples of systems :
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
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47. Examples of a Human Body System
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48. Examples of a Human Body System
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49. Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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50. Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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51. Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!
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The Liver
Largest organ
Weighs lbs
Size of a football
Most important organ; used to produce and store biochemicals
Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins
The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs. Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA USA. All rights reserved.
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54. Diseases
If the liver is exposed to toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job
Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol
Hepatitis C
Increased salt intake can decrease the livers ability to break down toxins

55. Biomedical Engineering
Can now grow artificial organs for people who need new livers
Engineers need to understand how the liver works in order to be able to create new organs or regenerate just a portion of the liver
Only need ¼ of the original liver
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Bioengineering Lab
As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced (h2O2).
An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us.
When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively.
You will be investigating
this process
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