1. C ELLS Molecular Biology Techniques

2. W HICH TYPE OF CELL HAS A NUCLEUS ? 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

3. E UKARYOTIC VERSUS P ROKARYOTIC C ELLS Prokaryotic - Cells lacking a nucleus. Eukrayotic - Cells containing a nucleus. Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies found within eukaryotic cells.

5. C ELL S TRUCTURE Cell wall: Rigid boundaries of the cell Cellulose: organic compound that makes up the majority of plant cell walls Cotton is 90% cellulose Hemicellulose: Gluelike substance that holds cellulose fibers together within the wall Pectin: Organic matter that provides stiffness

6. C ELL S TRUCTURE Cell (Plasma) Membrane: Binds all the living components within the protoplasm Cytoplasm: All cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

7. W HAT IS THE NAME OF THE JELLY LIKE SUBSTANCE WHERE MANY CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKE PLACE AND CELL ORGANELLES ARE EMBEDDED ? 1. Cytoplasm 2. Chloroplast 3. Nucleus 4. Cellulose

8. N UCLEUS Nucleus: Control center of the cell, houses DNA, DNA provides information needed to fulfill the cells’ needs (growth, differentiation, etc) & stores heredity information Nuclear Envelope: Structurally complex pores, proteins that act as channels for molecules are within the pores, acts as gatekeeper between nucleus and rest of cell Chromatin: Composed of proteins and DNA, when nucleus divides for mitosis, chromatin coils. Chromosomes: Condensed condition of chromatin. Each plant/animal cell has its own fixed number of chromosomes, radish has 18, humans have 46.

10. W HAT CONTROLS REPRODUCTION AND CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFO OF THE CELL ? 1. Cell wall 2. Nucleus 3. Nuclear envelope 4. Plastids

11. E NDOPLASMIC R ETICULUM (ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum facilitates cellular communication and materials channeling. Connected to outer membrane of nucleus Rough ER distributes ribosomes Smooth ER associated with lipid secretion

13. R IBOSOMES Ribosomes are composed of two subunits composed of RNA and proteins. involved in linking amino acids for the construction of large protein molecules

14. G OLGI APPARATUS are often bound by branching tubules that originate from the ER. Involved in the modification of carbohydrates attached to proteins synthesized and packaged in the ER.

16. P LASTIDS Plastids: associated with the storage or manufacturing of carbohydrates Chloroplasts: Location of photosynthesis, contain stacks of grana Grana/Granum: contain thylakoids Thylakoids: contain chlorophyll Chlorophyll: give green pigment Chromoplasts Found in colored plant organs, like fruits & petals. Some chloroplasts evolve into chromoplasts (like ripening tomatoes). Leucoplasts No pigment, assumed to be in roots. May become specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid or protein.

18. W HAT IS THE LOCATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE CELL ? 1. Plastids 2. Chloroplast 3. Chromoplasts 4. Leucoplasts

19. W HAT GIVES PLANTS THEIR GREEN PIGMENT ? 1. Grana 2. Thylakoids 3. Dictyosomes 4. Chlorophyll

20. M ITOCHONDRIA Mitochondria release energy produced from cellular respiration. Powerhouse of the cell

22. Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

23. V ACUOLES Used for storage in plants In mature cells, 90% of volume may be taken up by central vacuoles bounded by vacuolar membranes. Filled with cell sap which helps maintain pressure within the cell. Also frequently contains water-soluble pigments, like anthocynanin which provide color for flowers.

24. C YTOSKELETON Cytoskeleton is an intricate network of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall.

26. S UMMARY Cytoplasm Jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place and other parts are embedded. Nucleus Controls reproduction and also contains the characteristics of the cell. Cell membrane Surrounds the cell and controls what moves in and out of the cell. Mitochondria Found only in plant cells where respiration occurs. Chloroplasts These makes plants green. They contain chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis.

27. W HAT GIVES CELLS THEIR SHAPE ? 1. Cell wall 2. Cell membrane 3. Sap 4. Vacuoles

28. S UMMARY Cell wall Gives the cell its shape. The cell's "skeleton". Vacuole Where the cell sap is stored, controls pressure Golgi Apparatus Involved in the modification of carbohydrates attached to proteins synthesized Endoplasmic Reticulum Facilitates cellular communication and materials channeling, distributes ribosomes Ribosomes Involved in protein synthesis

29. C ELLULAR R EPRODUCTION Cell division process referred to as cell cycle. Divided into interphase and mitosis. Interphase Period when cells are not dividing. G 1 - Cell increases in size. S - DNA replication takes place. G 2 - Mitochondria divide, and microtubules produced. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3_PNiLWBjY

31. M ITOSIS Mitosis refers to the process of cellular division that produces two daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA and other substances duplicated during interphase. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent cell. Mitosis occurs in meristems.

32. P ROPHASE Chromosomes condense. Strands of chromatin coil and tighten with centromeres holding each pair of chromatids together. Nuclear envelope fragments.

34. M ETAPHASE Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator. Spindle fibers collectively referred to as the spindle. At the end of metaphase, the centromeres holding each sister chromosomes separate lengthwise.

35. A NAPHASE Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Spindle fibers gradually shorten as material is continuously removed from the polar ends.

36. T ELOPHASE Each group of daughter chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Daughter chromosomes become indistinguishable. Nucleoli reappear Spindle fibers disintegrate Cell plate forms.

37. M ITOSIS IN A CTION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1- 9QB0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=an notation_706798&v=VGV3fv-uZYI&feature=iv