1. 3 Forms of Energy Transfer
1. conduction
transfer of energy (mostly in solids) by collisions of particles
2. convection
transfer of energy by currents moving through liquids or gases (caused by density differences)
3. radiation
transfer of energy through empty space (no molecules needed)
Ex. energy from the Sun
1. Conduction
transfer of energy (mostly in solids) by collisions of molecules or atoms
Air touching warm ground, feet touching cold floor, water touching pot
2. Convection
transfer of energy by currents moving through liquids or gases (caused by density differences)
Convection cells in magma, in atmosphere, boiling water
3. Radiation
transfer of energy through empty space (no molecules needed)
Ex. energy from the Sun
visible light, UV, & other electromagnetic (EM) waves

2. Recycling of Materials Amongst Earth’s Spheres
Earth is constantly recycling materials
maintains an overall balance through biogeochemical cycles
water
carbon
etc.

3. Solar Energy Drives the Water Cycle
condensation

4. The Water Cycle 1. precipitation water that falls from clouds to Earth
drizzle, rain, snow, sleet, hail

5. 2. infiltration 3. ground water water soaks into soil from the surface
water under the ground; soil is saturated

6. 4. evaporation
warmth from Sun causes liquid water to turn into water vapor
evaporation
5. transpiration
when plants give off water vapor through stomata in their leaves

7. 6. condensation water vapor cools until it turns back into liquid
forming clouds, fog, or dew
condensation

8. Groundwater Pollution
pollutants in soil carried by infiltration into groundwater
oil
nitrates & phosphates
from fertilizers
pesticides
farm wastes
sewage
salt
to melt ice
chemicals & hazardous wastes
and more…
can be a reason for site to be designated a “brownfield”
remediation (clean up )  expensive
prevention  best

9. Carbon Cycle Driven chemical & physical processes
Psyn & respiration, combustion

10. Changes in CO2 & Climate
CO2 levels have risen steadily since mid-1800s
primarily due to human activities
combustion of fossil fuels
coal
gasoline
natural gas
deforestation
decreased photosynthesis

11. Changes in CO2 & Climate
avg. global temps have  ~1°C since late 1800s
Possible effects:
sea-level rise
more/stronger storms/hurricanes
more frequent heat waves/droughts
relocation of major crop-growing areas

12. Common Air Pollutants air pollutant
any airborne gas or particle concentrated enough to harm people or the environment
natural causes
volcanoes
forest fires
human causes
combustion of fossil fuels (automobiles, factories, etc.)

13. Acid Rain pollutants (SOX & NOX) react w/ H2O vapor in air
acidity measured using pH
effects
harm to plants/animals
damage to structures made
of limestone/marble
remember… carbonates bubble in acid

14. Weathering breakdown of rocks at Earth’s surface 2 types: chemical
mechanical (physical)

15. Chemical Weathering rock is broken down by chemical action
changed into new substances
agents include acids & oxygen

16. rainwater  naturally acidic
Chemical Weathering
rainwater  naturally acidic
CO2 dissolved in rainwater  carbonic acid
can weather carbonate-based rocks
ex. marble & limestone (CaCO3)
Ex. Marble & Limestone  not best to use for buildings/monuments
caves carved out of limestone by chemical weathering

17. other rocks are very resistant to acid and do not weather easily
quartz-based rocks
ex. quartzite & sandstone (SiO2)
Quartzite & sandstone  more resistant, so better to build w/

18. Mechanical (Physical) Weathering
rock is split, cracked, or broken into smaller pieces of the same material
NOT changed into new substances

19. The Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle Movie
continuous process causing rocks to change from one form to another
caused by interactions between water, air, and land

20. 3 Major Classes of Rocks sedimentary metamorphic igneous
BrainPop 3 Types of Rocks
sedimentary
formed by compaction & cementing of layers of sediments
metamorphic
formed by effects of heat & pressure on other rocks
igneous
formed by solidification of hot, molten rock
sedimentary
formed by the compaction and cementing of layers of sediments (rock fragments, plant and animal remains, minerals that settle out of solution onto lake and ocean bottoms)
igneous
formed by cooling and hardening of hot, molten rock (magma) inside Earth
metamorphic
formed by the effects of heat and pressure on other rocks

21. Sedimentary Rocks
made of sediments
cover most of Earth’s surface

22. Metamorphic Rocks metamorphism
process by which a rock’s structure is changed by pressure & heat

23. Examples of Metamorphic Rocks & What They Formed From
granite  gneiss
shale  slate  phyllite  schist
limestone  marble
sandstone  quartzite

24. Igneous Rocks form due to MELTING & solidification Intrusive Extrusive
magma cools slowly deep inside Earth
crystals  medium to coarse texture
Extrusive
lava cools quickly on/above surface of Earth
crystals  very small or not seen at all

25. Convection Currents in Magma
drives plate tectonics
Convection cells (caused by density differences) in the asthenosphere (mantle) cause hot material to rise, move outward (pushing the plates/ridge push), & sink as the material cools (pulling plates down/slab pull).
Convection in the Mantle Animation

26. What Is Plate Tectonics?
theory that describes formation, movements, & interactions of Earth’s lithospheric plates

27. Types of Plate Boundaries
Earth’s lithosphere is broken in to large plates
plate boundaries determines type
divergent
convergent
transform

28. Divergent Boundaries plates move apart most are along ocean floor
mid-ocean ridges  molten rock forces through cracks (rifts) in valley

29. Mid-Ocean Ridge
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

30. Convergent Boundaries
plates move closer together
Oceanic plate subducts (plunges) below another plate
Boundary between the 2 plates is called a subduction boundary
Features of subduction boundaries
Deep-sea (or ocean) trenches
Deepest part of the ocean
Volcanic activity
Island arcs
Along the coast of continents
Earthquakes

31. Transform Plate Boundary
Transform Boundary--San Andreas Fault Animation
plates slide past each other at fault
stress released  earthquake
Ex. California—San Andreas Fault N

32. Locations of Earthquakes & Volcanoes
occur in concentrated plate boundaries
strain builds up  earthquakes
molten rock rises  volcanic activity
Pacific Ocean  Ring of Fire
Ring of
Fire
Plates & Volcanoes Video