1. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 1 AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING The Theory Behind The Practice

2. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 2 Definition of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) “ ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by all involved in aviation to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.”

3. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 3 PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

4. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 4 PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB) 47% 19% 21% 5% 6% 4%

5. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 5 PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS “CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation. CRM competencies, grouped into three clusters of observable behaviors are....”

6. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 6 ADM SKILL MARKERS (“Observable Behaviors”)  COMMUNICATION  SITUATION AWARENESS  WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT  PLANNING  DECISION MAKING

7. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 7 CRM DEFINITION “THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES”

8. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 8 CREW...  Pilot-in-Command  Second-in-Command Flight Instructor  Aircraft Scheduler  Weather Briefer  Ramp Personnel  Chief Instructor  Flight Attendant  Check Airman/ Pilot Examiner  Flight Engineer  Non-pilot  Air Traffic Control  Flight Service/Watch

9. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 9 RESOURCES...  Time  Information  Workload  Prioritization  Strategies/Plans  Scheduling

10. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 10 MANAGEMENT...  Situation Assessment  Risk Assessment  Planning/Strategizing  Prioritizing Tasks  Allocating Responsibilities  Problem Solving

11. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 11 ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE

12. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 12 ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE

13. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 13 ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE

14. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 14 ADM Focus Non-Technical Skills

15. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 15 ADM SKILL MARKERS (“Observable Behaviors”)  COMMUNICATION  SITUATION AWARENESS  WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT  PLANNING  DECISION MAKING

16. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 16 COMMUNICATIONS  Two-way street  Information transfer  Clear, concise, unambiguous  Listening  Repeating  Clarification  Understanding

17. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 17 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS  THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.

18. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 18 WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT  PRIORITIZE AND DELEGATE  SHARE AND COMMUNICATE  ACKNOWLEDGE PERSONAL LIMITS  ACTIVELY MONITOR

19. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 19 PREPARATION, PLANNING, AND VIGILANCE  PREPARING FOR REQUIRED ACTIVITIES  PLANNING FOR ALL POSSIBILITIES  MAINTAINING AWARENESS FOR CHANGE

20. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 20 Decision Making Process 1. Is there a decision to make? 2. Gather all available information. 3. Identify all possible alternatives. 4. Evaluate alternatives. 5. Choose an alternative (make a decision). 6. Act on decision. 7. Evaluate the results of the decision. (if necessary, return to the beginning)

21. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 21 THE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND FATIGUE  Human Performance  Error Management

22. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 22 ADM MODELS AND PROGRAMS TODAY  PTS/CRM  Pilot Judgment Training Manuals  Personal Minimums  FAA’s Model  DECIDE Model  Hazardous Attitudes  Decision Making Process

23. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 23 The Effects of Stress & Fatigue

24. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 24 Stress & Fatigue Not unique to the airline industry, or the transportation industry! Our entire society is now driven by a 24/7 economy and lifestyle It’s our individual responsibility to implement alertness management strategies

25. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 25 Stress & Fatigue What are causes of “chronic stress”? How did the pilots surveyed deal with chronic stress? What is your chronic stress level?

26. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 26 Stress & Fatigue Stress-Coping Strategies: About half stated they were physically active to some degree Remainder were less physically active, but involved in relaxation-type activities All strategies provide a welcome diversion from stress. What is your strategy?

27. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 27 Human Performance Stress & Fatigue 12 am12 noon 12 am 3 - 5 am3 - 5 pm Performance level + _

28. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 28 Stress & Fatigue AA 1420 Little Rock, AR June 1, 1999

29. 29 Stress & Fatigue

30. 30 “You start with a bag full of luck and an empty bag of experience. The trick is to fill the bag of experience before you empty the bag of luck.” Human Performance And Error Management

31. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice31 Human Errors Leading To Accidents... How many errors need to occur before we have an accident?

32. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice32 The “Roach Theory” of Errors Errors are like roaches... For every one you see...

33. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice33 Errors are like roaches  There are different varieties…  Communications  Procedural  Proficiency  Intentional Non-compliance  Operational Decision

34. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice34 Errors are like roaches  There are different species and sizes  Slips - meant to do the right thing but took incorrect action  Lapses - omitted an item  Mistakes - intention was incorrect  Violations - (procedural non- compliance) i.e. intentionally deviated from SOP or accepted procedure

35. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice35 Error Enhancers  Hurry  Fatigue/excessive stress  Lack of oxygen/water/food  Distractions/interruptions  “First learned, best learned”  Insufficient situation awareness  Workload -too low or high

36. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice36 More Error Enhancers  Language barriers  Cultural differences  Inconsistencies in training  Insufficient knowledge and skills  Non-standardized interfaces  Night/weather

37. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice37 Human Responses to Errors  Trap - error is detected and managed before it becomes consequential  Exacerbate - error is detected but the crew’s action or inaction becomes consequential  Fail to Respond - lack of a response to an error (undetected or ignored) that can either end up being inconsequential or consequential

38. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice38 What Do We Do About Errors?  Prevent as many as possible  Practice detection and recovery  Understand and be vigilant for potential “error enhancers”

39. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice39 “Roach Prevention and Exterminators”  Planning  Leadership  Communications  Decision Making  Situation Awareness  Workload Management Oh Noooo...

40. 9/14/2015Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice40 Error Management and Roach Control  It is not possible to prevent all errors  Error detection, prevention, and recovery - error tolerance is the goal.  The goal is met by improving human performance in all facets of aviation.

41. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 41 What about these?

42. Downloaded from www.avhf.com 9/14/2015 Aeronautical Decision Making - The Theory Behind the Practice 42 THE END  REMEMBER...... MAKE ADM PART OF YOUR LESSON PLANS!  QUESTIONS????