1. Chapter 1 Biology, Scientific Process, and Tools
Objectives
Apply the Scientific Method to Solve a problem.
List the Characteristics of Living Things
Compare a Hypothesis and a Theory

2. INTERACTIVE
Quickwrite: In your own words, What is Biology?

3. Biology
The Study of LIFE

4. INTERACTIVE What makes something alive??? Think, discuss, pass the pen
Think-pair-share

5. Characteristics of Life
Biologists have established that all living things share 7 Characteristics of Life.
Cells
Stimulus
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Change through Time

6. Organization and Cells
All living organisms (one celled or multicellular) have some degree of organization.
CELL—smallest unit of life
UNICELLULAR—one celled organisms
MULTICELLULAR—made up of more than one cell
Complex Multicellular organisms (such as humans) have ORGAN SYSTEMS, groups of parts that carry out specific functions.
ORGANS are structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system.

7. Organization and Cells
All organs are made up of TISSUES, or groups of cells with similar functions.
Tissues are made up of CELLS.
ORGANELLES are within each cell and are tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive.
Organelles contain BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES, the chemical compounds that provide physical structure, movement, energy.
Biological Molecules are made up of ATOMS, the simplest particle of an element.

8. Organism Organ Systems Organs Tissues Organelles Biological Molecules
Atoms
What is missing?

9. Response to Stimuli
An organism can respond to a STIMULUS or physical/chemical change in the internal or external environment.
Example—an owl dilates its pupils to keep the amount of light entering the eye constant and therefore maintain good vision.

10. Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though the environment is changing.
Examples: Maintaining body temperature, water content, nutrients within a cell
Goldfish lab

11. INTERACTIVE Prove it has the first 3 characteristics of life…
Copy and complete the table:
Characteristic of Life
Organism
Proof
Cells and Organization
Stimulus
Homeostasis

12. INTERACTIVE
Observing Homeostasis with Goldfish!
lab on p.8

13. Metabolism Living organisms use ENERGY to repair, move, and grow.
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.
Example—plants use the sun’s energy to generate sugar molecules through photosynthesis.
Example—an owl’s metabolism allows the owl to extract chemicals in its prey and use it as energy to fuel growth.
Metabolism click, youtube 55 sec

14. Growth and Development
All living things grow and increase in size.
Living things grow from the results of divisions and enlargements of cells.
Unicellular—enlargement of cells
Multicellular—division of cells
Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

15. Reproduction
All living organisms produce new organisms in a process called reproduction.
Reproduction (unlike the other characteristics is NOT essential for life of a single organism, however it is essential for the continuity of the species)
During reproduction organisms transmit hereditary info to their offspring. This info is encoded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
A short segment of DNA contains instructions for a single trait (like eyecolor), this is called a GENE.

16. Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Hereditary info recombines from 2 organisms of the same species.
Results in similar (but not identical to parents) offspring.
Asexual Reproduction
Hereditary info is not recombined
The offspring and the original organism are essentially the same (genetically)
Example—a bacterium reproduces when it splits into two identical cells.

17. Change through Time Basic genetics do not change through time
Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time to survive
Succession—the process by which a biological community evolves over time
Primary Succession—a lifeless area has to evolve (example after a lava flow)
Secondary Succession—a community is removed (but not entirely, some life, soil remains) and begins again (extinction of a species, weather related disasters)

20. Song—Characteristics of Living Things
Which characteristic is missing??

21. INTERACTIVE Is it alive? Martian and the Car
Find activity! Comparison? Martian and the Car?

22. Characteristics of Living Things
Complete the graphic organizer and put it in your notebook.

23. Science as a Process
Science is characterized by an organized approach…the SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
Quickwrite…What do you know/remember about the Scientific Method??

24. Observation/Question
Scientific Method
Observation/Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data/Results
Conclusion

25. Observations Science starts with observation
Observation involves using the 5 senses to gather information
Can be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative (not numerical, more descriptive)
All of this information is gathered as DATA, or evidence
What are the 5 senses??

26. INTERACTIVE Monster Activity
From Biology Corner…pass out odd objects, students must use the 5 senses to write a detailed description, then pass out the papers and they must find the object (model whole class first)

27. Interpreting the Evidence
Scientists must make inferences based on the observations.
Inferences are a logical, unbiased, interpretation based on prior knowledge, experience, and observation
Examples of Inferences:
You see a broken window and a baseball laying on the floor under the window. You INFER that the baseball broke the window.

28. INFERENCE - a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
* Drawing a conclusion

29. Explaining the Evidence
A HYPOTHESIS is a possible explanation or answer to a scientific question.
A Hypothesis must be TESTABLE.
Examples:
1.  Purina food will reduce a dog's shedding.
2.  Putting Miracle Grow on tomato plants will make them produce more tomatoes.
3.  The drug Avapro will lower a person's blood pressure.

30. Examples of Hypotheses
Good
Bad
Plants will grow taller with Miracle Grow.
Plants will grow better when given Miracle Grow.
Girls will score higher on math tests than boys.
Girls are smarter than boys.
Hermit crabs will choose colorful shells over plain shells.
Hermit crabs like colorful shells.
Examples

31. INTERACTIVE Write a hypothesis for the experiment below:
A scientist is going to measure toy car speed on a ramp. He is going to test if the size of the wheel affects the speed of the toy car going down a ramp. He has a regular toy car, a toy car with extra large wheels, and a toy car with mini-wheels.
What is your hypothesis??

32. Identify the GOOD hypotheses Copy the good hypotheses and explain why it is good.
Plants will grow taller with sunlight.
Boys like video games.
9th graders are better than middle school students.
Dogs will run faster after eating a bone.
Bounty paper towels can hold more water than the store brand.
Cats are good mouse hunters.

33. Experimental Values POGIL

34. Setting up a Controlled Experiment
A controlled experiment is a test of a hypothesis with only one variable being tested.
Manipulated (Independent) Variable is the part of the experiment that is being deliberately changed by the scientist.
Responding (Dependent) Variable is the part of the experiment that that changes as a result of the experiment.
Controlled Variables: items that stay constant throughout the experiment (example: the materials used)

35. INTERACTIVE What would your hypothesis be??
A scientist is going to measure plant growth under different colors of light. He is going to expose the same type of plants to yellow, green, blue light, and sunlight.
What would your hypothesis be??
What would the Manipulated/Independent Variable be??
What would the Responding/Dependent Variable be??

36. INTERACTIVE 2 Your group will be given a scenario. Read it aloud.
Answer the questions your notes.
When time is up, rotate the scenarios and repeat.
4 Spongebob Scenarios—controls and variables (biologycorner.com)

37. Weekly Homework—Experimental Design
Find an advertisement (magazine, newspaper, flyer, internet)
Use the Scientific Method to design an experiment.
Requirements:
The Ad
Problem/Question (needs to be testable)
Hypothesis (your opinion/educated guess)
Controlled Variables
Manipulated/Independent Variable
Responding/Dependent Variable
Procedure
Have an example to show

38. Recording and Analyzing Results
Scientist keep written records of all observations and data, often in a journal, notebook, or computer.
Statistical Variability– how spread out the group of data is. Data sets with very similar numbers have little variability. Data sets with a wide range would be highly variable.

39. Error
No experiment is perfect. Many things can go wrong and many things cannot be controlled.
Scientists acknowledge that there will be error.
Scientists ALWAYS identify and communicate sources for error.

40. Sources for Error… Instrument Error Human Error Materials not uniform
Environmental
Materials not uniform

41. Drawing a Conclusion
Scientists then use the data and results from an experiment to evaluate the original hypothesis and develop a conclusion.
Scientists will answer their original questions, confirm or reject their hypothesis, and often create new questions

42. Publishing
If evidence supporting a hypothesis builds up from many, many experiments by many scientists, the hypothesis becomes a THEORY.
A THEORY is a well-tested explanation or answer to a problem.

43. INTERACTIVE Can your procedure be replicated??
Activity from p.2, blocks w/ a partner

44. Hypothesis vs. Theory Hypothesis Educated guess Not tested yet or
Not tested much
Theory
Well-accepted answer
Well-tested
Supported by many experiments

45. INTERACTIVE
Quickwrite: In your own words explain the difference between Hypothesis and Theory.

46. Mythbusters and the Scientific Process
Mythbusters Episode: Identifying the Steps of the Scientific Method and possible sources of Error!
Watch the episode of Mythbusters.
While watching, fill in the steps of the Scientific Method and the possible sources of error.
Create a Mini-Board
Insert Mythbusters Episode (Goldfish Memory?) 14 min. long or No pain No gain
Make Sci. Method Sheet with fill-ins for: Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Ind. Variable, Dep. Variable, Conclusion, Sources for Error.

47. Scientific Method in Action!
Honors: Penny Lab! Med Bio: Science and Medicine!
Put data together, create a graph, write up a report.

48. Tools and Techniques

49. Light Microscope
To see small organisms and cells scientists usually use LIGHT MIRCROSCOPES.
A compound light microscope has 2 lenses to magnify an image.
4 major parts to a light microscope:
Eyepiece
Objective lens
Stage
Light Source
Have a microscope out

50. Magnification and Resolution
Magnification– The increase in the objects apparent size
Example: 10x means 10 times the objects real size.
Resolution: the power to show details clearly (how focused it is)

51. Electron Microscope
To examine cells in great detail or study cell parts or viruses, scientists use Electron Microscopes.
Very powerful magnification and resolution.
Always in black and white (computers can add color)

52. Microscope Lab

53. Metric System
Scientists use a common measuring system so they can compare and understand results.
Called SI or Metric System
Metrics Lab!

54. Vocabulary Create a flash card for Hypothesis the following terms:
Theory
Control
Biology
Independent Variable
Cell
Dependent Variable
Tissues
Observation
Organelle
Compound Light Microscope
Biological molecule
Metric System
Scientific Method

55. Base Units Base Quantity Name Abbreviation Length Meter M Mass
Kilogram Kg
Time S
Electric Current
Ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature
Kelvin K
Amount of Substance
Mole
Mol
Light
Candela cd

56. More Units

57. Assessment
Chapter Review, pages 25-27