1. Chapter One:
Science as a Process

2. Ch. 1.1 Intro to Biology & Characteristics of Life

3. SCIENCE
The continuous effort to discover and increase human knowledge through research
The process of observing, explaining, and understanding our world
Does NOT include “supernatural” explanations

4. Biology “Bio” = life “ology” = study of The study of life (organisms)
Answers questions about the natural world:
How they work
How they interact with the environment
How they change over time

5. Branches of Biology
Anatomy: external & internal structures of organisms
Ecology: interactions between organisms and their environment
Cytology: structure & function of cells
Botany: plants

6. 5. Genetics: heredity, how traits pass from parent to offspring
6. Microbiology: “micro” = small, organisms seen with a microscope
7. Taxonomy: classification
8. Zoology: animals

7. Characteristics of Life:
Made of cells
Respond to stimuli (change in enviro.)
Maintain homeostasis
Use energy (metabolism)
Grow and develop
Reproduce
Change through time (evolution)

8. Homeostasis Stable internal conditions Ex: Temperature Water intake
Ex: Thermostat
Water intake
Food intake pH

9. Metabolism
Sum of all chemical rxns that take in & transform E & materials from the environment
Photosynthesis: converts light E into chemical E
Cellular Respiration: converts organic cmpds into usable E (ATP)

10. Maple vs. robot toy

11. Themes in Biology & The Scientific Method

12. Ch. 1.2 Themes in Biology Diversity and Unity of Life
Interdependence of Organisms
Evolution of Life

13. 1. Diversity and Unity of Life
Diversity = variety of life
Cell = basic unit of life
Highly organized
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Cell differentiation- cells become specialized

15. Unity= all living things have features in common
The genetic code; the heredity info. in DNA
Contain organelles; cellular structures that carry out specific functions
“Tree of Life”; has 3 main branches called domains and 6 major categories called kingdoms

16. “Tree of Life”

17. 2. Interdependence of Organisms
Organisms interact with each other and the living world
Area of science known as Ecology
Ecosystems are communities of living species & their physical environment

18. 1. Can you name some parts of an ecosystem. 2
1. Can you name some parts of an ecosystem? 2. How have humans affected the environment?

19. 3. Evolution of Life Populations of living organisms change over time
Descent with modification
Occurs by natural selection; organisms with more favorable traits survive a changing environment and reproduce more successfully.
Adaptations are traits that improve an organisms chance of survival.

20. Ch.1.3 The Scientific Method
How problems are solved!
Scientists use controlled methods to collect observable evidence to answer questions about natural phenomena
YouTube - Scientific Method MTV

21. Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Define the problem.
2. Collect information.
Qualitative vs. quantitative
3. Form a hypothesis.
a statement that can explain a scientists observations and data
Must be testable
Educated guess that can be proven FALSE
Written as an “if-than” statement

22. 4. Test the hypothesis.
Controlled experiments test variables by comparing a control group with an experimental group.
The independent (manipulated) variable is the one that is changed by the scientist
The dependent (responding) variable changes in response to the change made to the ind. variable

23. Hypothesis Examples
If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer.
If leaf color change is related to temperature , then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in leaf color.
In the statements above the dependent variable is blue and the independent variable is red.

24. 7. Report research methods & findings.
5. Observe & record data.
6. Draw conclusions.
Support or refute hypothesis
A theory may be formed- a collection of ideas, hypotheses, laws, and predictions which have been successfully tested, but are subject to modification when facts or experiments demand it.
7. Report research methods & findings.
Scientific journals
Lab reports

26. Setting Up a Controlled Experiment

27. Presenting Scientific Findings
Tables- used to organize data

28. Graphs are used to visually represent data
Bar graphs- illustrate comparisons
Line graphs- recognize patterns or trends
Pie graphs- represent percentages
Title of graph should include dependent and independent variables
Y-axis has the dependent variable
X-axis has the independent variable

30. (pg. 21, parts of the microscope)
Microscopes
Light Compound Microscope (LM):
used to see small organisms and cells
transparent specimen is mounted on glass slide
Light passes through the specimen
(pg. 21, parts of the microscope)

31. Electron Microscopes
Use a beam of electrons to produce an enlarged image of a specimen
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)-
electrons sent through a thin specimen
cannot view living specimens
200,000 x magnification

32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
electrons pass over specimen producing a 3D image
100,000 x magnification
cannot view living organisms

33. Units of Measurement
Scientists use one system of measurement, the metric system
( SI system)
Decimal system based on powers of 10
SI has 7 base units