1. 1 Primary Transportation “WOODS TURNS” Skidding, Forwarding, Yarding FOR 420 Jan 25, 2002 James Hart

2. 2 THIS WEEK’S TOPIC - PRIMARY TRANSPORT “TURNS IN THE WOODS” PRIMARY TRANSPORT SECONDAY TRANSPORT “TURN” = ? LOADING ROAD TRANSPORT SKIDDING, YARDING, FORWARDING FELLING –MANUAL –MACHINE LIMBING TOPPING MEASURING & BUCKING BUNCHING UNLOADING MILL S T O R A G E

3. 3 “TURN” WORK ELEMENTS RETURN - starts at landing, empty travel on trail, BUNCHING (ASSEMBLING, ATTACHING) - starts when equipment leaves road, ends when starts to landing SKIDDING - starts when loaded equipment is traveling on recognized skid trail, ends at landing LANDING (DROPPING, UNLOADING) - arrival, dropping load, unhooking, piling, sorting, etc DELAYS (ANYWHERE DURING TURN) - –UNPRODUCTIVE - no contribution to productivity of system e.g. stuck –PRODUCTIVE - e.g. required maintenance, trail building

4. 4 JAMMER YARDING SCHEMATIC

5. 5 KINDS OF PRIMARY TRANSPORT 1. DRAFT ANIMALS (pre 1900 to present) 2. CRAWLER TRACTOR SKIDDERS (1900-1960s) –FIRST MACHINES USED FOR SKIDDING - PNW –DRAWBAR TO ARCHES 3. 4-WHEEL TRACTOR SKIDDERS (1900 - present) –FASTER AND FOR SMALLER TIMBER –GRAPPLE REPLACES CHOKER CABLE SKIDDING 4. FORWARDERS (1970s - PRESENT) –REPLACING SINGLE AXLE BOBTAIL TRUCKS IN WOODS –REPLACING PALLET SYSTEMS IN THE WOODS 5. CABLE SYSTEMS (pre crawler to present) –SEVERAL DIFFERENT SYSTEMS –REPLACED CRAWLERS TO AVOID SOIL DAMAGE 6. AERIAL SYSTEMS (relatively recent) –BALLOON - PROVIDES LIFT AND CABLE CONTROLLED –HELICOPTER - FAST AND EXPENSIVE

6. 6 DRAFT ANIMAL SKIDDING OXEN HORSES BIGWHEEL OR ~35 Ca ~2 AL ~50 horses & mules

7. 7 HORSE SKIDDING OPERATIONS AN OREGON EXAMPLE: –35.5 ac thinning from below in fir-pine, 10-38” DBH, mean 14”, –3 men, 5 Belgians, log truck with loader –2277 trees, 80% single log skidding, mostly downslope –largest team of 2 skid was 32” 12’ 6000 lb. –380’ mean skid distance, 935’ max, avoid 100’ up 10+ % slopes ADVANTAGES –less capital investment, easier to move into area –only need 5-6’ space (not 10-12 like machines), leaves higher density –light damage to soil, residual stand and regeneration DISADVANTAGES –skidders are ~2.5 X faster, take longer to log an area –cannot log large (>24”) trees, cannot skid > ~100’ up 10% slope –not many horse loggers, cannot work rocky ground

8. 8 HORSE SKIDDING COSTS BY SLOPE (Oregon example)

9. 9 CRAWLER TRACTOR EQUIPMENT HISTORIC 40s to 60s, then faster wheel skidders developed WINCHES, CABLES, CHOKERS –advantage when stuck DRAWBAR SKIDDING can decrease power needs 17 percent by elevating butt of log 5 1/2 feet ARCH SKIDDING –detached –integral OPERABLE ON SLOPES TO 60% but - erosion and soil damage concern 300 FT -TYPICAL SKID DISTANCE MULTI-PURPOSE MACHINES very versatile, road construction, skidding

10. 10 CRAWLER TRACTOR OPERATIONS ADVANTAGES –VERY STABLE –HIGH DRAWBAR PULL –LOW GROUND RESISTANCE –MULTI-PURPOSE e.g. ROAD CONSTRUCTION DISADVANTAGES –SLOW 3 mph –LIMITED TO SHORT SKIDDING DISTANCES 400-600’ GOOD DISTANCE FOR CRAWLER SKIDDING –HIGHER COST PER TURN, LOAD, $/CCF

11. 11 WHEEL TRACTOR SKIDDER EQUIPMENT DEVELOPED in 60s faster, more maneuverable, better on rough trails & in woods RUBBER TIRED, ARTICULATED FRONT BLADED CABLES replaced by GRAPPLES FIXED/STATIC ARCH SWINGING BOOM 180deg REACHING BOOM (2 cylinders) MORE COMPUTERIZED, TRACKED, LEGGED????

12. 12 GRAPPLE HINGED SET OF JAWS - OPENED AND CLOSED HYDRAULICALLY TYPES: –180 degree SWINGING BOOM, –VERTICALLY MOVING, NON-SWINGING BOOM –RIGID/STATIC BOOM ADVANTAGES –LOADING & UNLOADING QUICKER, NO CHOKER SETTER –SAFER –LESS SKIDDER MANEUVERING DISADVANTAGES –MAY HAVE TO PRE-BUNCH –HAVE TO DROP LOAD IF STUCK –BE ADVISED THE HYDRAULIC FLUID GETS HOT AND CAN BURN YOU!

13. 13 SWINGING BOOM GRAPPLE

14. 14 WHEEL SKIDDING OPERATIONS EXAMPLE TIMES FOR WORK ELEMENTS –RETURN 1-5 MINUTES ON SKID TRAILS =f (DISTANCE, SPEED) –BUNCHING 2-45 MINUTES OFF-TRAIL =f (# PIECES, OBSTRUCTIONS) –SKIDDING 2-10 MINUTES ON TRAIL = f (DIST., TERRAIN, OBSTR.) –LANDING 1-3 MINUTES DROPPING, CHOKER REMOVING, PILING –DELAYS 0 MIN. & UP HANGS, STUCK, ROAD BDG, MAINT. –TOTAL 6-63+ MINUTES ADVANTAGES –FASTER, BETTER AT BUNCHING TREES/LOGS –1/4 MILE OPTIMUM SKID DISTANCE, 1/2 COMMON, UP TO 1 MILE DISADVANTAGES –CANNOT DROP AND RE-WINCH LOAD WHEN STUCK –MORE ROLLING RESISTANCE –TIRES COSTLY ~$3000 (in mid 70s)

15. 15 IMPORTANT FACTORS TO CONSIDER STEEP SLOPES- higher road costs, more travel distance ROAD DENSITY - more roads ==> less skidding distance SKIDDING DISTANCE - BRUSH, RESIDUAL TREES - OBSTACLES- WET SOIL, DRY SANDS, STONY SOILS - THREATENED & ENDANGERED SPECIES -

16. 16 POUNDS PULL REQUIRED TO OVERCOME SKIDDING RESISTANCE

17. 17 SKIDDING COST RELATIONSHIPS COST PER CUNIT (100 cubic foot) ARE MINIMIZED AT AN OPTIMUM SKIDDING DISTANCE COSTS PER CUNIT (100 cubic feet) INCREASES DRASTICALLY WITH SMALL PIECE SIZE

18. 18 WHEEL SKIDDER SYSTEMS DISTANCE v. COSTS SO. PINE 1977

19. 19 SKIDDING HANG-UPS ROLL METHOD of working around a HANG-UP JUMP METHOD of working around a HANG-UP VARIATION OF KICK METHOD of working around a HANG-UP KICK METHOD of working around a HANG-UP

20. 20 FORWARDER EQUIPMENT WOODS MACHINES, USUALLY RUBBER TIRED, WITH A STAKE BED TO HOLD RELATIVELY SHORT LOGS OR PULPWOOD BOLTS USUALLY WITH A KNUCKLE BOOM LOADER 2.1 X FASTER THAN A CRAWLER AND DRAY SYSTEM REPLACING SINGLE AXLE TRUCKS WITH LOADERS IN THE WOODS REPLACING PALLET SYSTEMS IN THE WOODS

21. 21 FORWARDER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ADVANTAGES –INSURES FULL PAYLOADS –ALLOWS LONGER SKIDDING/ HAULING DISTANCES (UP TO A MILE) –LESS DAMAGE TO RESIDUAL TREE –SUITED TO THINNING & SMALLER PIECES –NAVIGATE STEEPER TERRAIN THAN SKIDDERS DISADVANTAGES –HIGHER CAPITAL, REQUIRE PRE-BUNCHING –LIMITED TO ~ 20 FOOT LENGTHS, OR BOLTS –CANNOT INTEGRATE SAWLOG TIMBER –HIGHER COST PER CUNIT –LESS VERSATILE THAN SKIDDERS –HIGH MAINTENANCE ON LOADER

22. 22 SKIDDING PATTERNS PARALLEL SUNBURST CLOVERLEAF

23. 23 TRAFFICABILITY & SOIL DAMAGE POWER REQUIREMENTS INCREASE FOR EVERY INCH OF SOIL PENETRATION HOW ARE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY AND COST? CAN WE USE 20-50 TON HARVESTING MACHINES WITHOUT COMPACTING SOILS?

24. 24 AERIAL SOIL DAMAGE 26%

25. 25 Critical Path Method (CPM) & Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) Scheduling THE EXISTENCE OF A LARGE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE EQUIPMENT AND ACTIVITY COMBINATIONS WITHIN A HARVESTING SYSTEM MEANS PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL A LOGGING SYSTEM SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT MEN, MACHINES AND LOGS MOVE TO MAXIMIZE VALUE AND PROFIT VARIABLES TO CONSIDER ARE MANY –LABOR SKILLS, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, ROADS, BRIDGES, –SIZE OF TIMBER, VOLUME PER STEM, LIMBINESS, UNDERBRUSH, –STEMS PER ACRE, VOLUME PER ACRE, –SKIDDING DISTANCE, HAUL DISTANCES, EQUIPMENT SPEED, –TERRAIN CHARACTERISTICS, SOIL, WEATHER, –PRIMARY PRODUCT, –OTHERS OPERATIONS ANALYSIS, MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

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28. 28 APPROXIMATE OPTIMUM DISTANCES AND SLOPES FOR LOGGING SYSTEMS HORSES? 0-10%, 200-400’ >10%, 100’ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS? EROSION / SEDIMENTATION LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY LOSS HIGH STREAM TEMPERATURES SPECIES HABITAT LOSS

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30. 30 VIDEOS TO SHOW JOHN DEERE CORRIDOR THINNING VIDEOS –SHOW CHAINSAW CUTTING SYSTEM START AT ____ LF FOR ___ MINUTES –SHOW SKIDDER SYSTEM START AT ____ LF FOR ___ MINUTES –SHOW FELLER BUNCHER SYSTEM START AT ____ LF FOR ___ MINUTES JAMMER YARDING VIDEO START AT ____ LF FOR ___ MINUTES

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32. 32 SOIL MECHANICS CLAYEY SOILS ARE SLIPPERY WHEN WET SANDY SOILS HAVE POOR TRACTION WHEN DRY LOAMY SOILS ARE MOST TRAFFICABLE WHEN DRY LOAMY SOILS COMPACT THE MOST WHEN MOIST LOAMY SOILS RUT AND PUDDLE WHEN WET COURSE FRAGMENTS ABOVE ~ 35% INCREASE TRAFFICABILITY SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT % DRY DENSITYDRY DENSITY 5 5 5 5 0 2015 10 MAXIMUM DENSITY OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT TOO DRY TO COMPACT SO WET IT WILL NOT COMPACT

33. 33 AERIAL HARVEST EFFECTS AT 19 LOCATIONS