1. Egocentrism: A Case Study
By Asha Jassani

2. Jean Piaget Born in Switzerland on August 9, 1896.
He published his first paper when he was 10/11 years old on his sighting of an albino sparrow
Attended the the University of Neuchtel
In 1923, he married one of his student coworkers, Valentine Chatenay, and had 3 children
He spent one year working at the Ecole de la rue de la Grange-aux-Belles a boys' institution created by Alfred Binet. There, he created his standardized test of intelligence and did his first experimental studies of the growing mind.
In 1955, he created the International Center for Genetic Epistemology (Institut d'Epistemologie Genetique)
Died in Geneva on September 16, 1980

3. David Elkind Born in Detroit, Michigan in 1931
Obtained undergraduate degree (1952) and Ph.D (1955) from UCLA
Received honorary Doctorate in Science from Rhode Island College in 1987
Research assistant to David Rappaport at the Austen Riggs Center in Massachusetts, where he was first exposed to the research and theory of Piaget
National Science Foundation Senior Postdoctoral Fellow at Piaget's Center for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva, Switzerland
Currently a Professor Emeritus at Tufts University
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4. What is Egocentrism?
To perceive and define the world in terms of one’s self.
Cognitive development
Limited mindset
Cannot “put myself in your shoes”
Piaget v. Elkind
“Three Mountains Problem” - Inhelder & Piaget

5. Stages of Egocentrism Sensori-motor (birth-2 years)
Sees objects as existing in the “here and now”
After 1 year, infant can address the object outside of it’s physical sense
“experience of the object” (Elkind)
Symbolic function acts as foundation for mental growth
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Cannot differentiate their own thoughts and the thoughts of others; always believes that he/she is correct, “considering everything from their own single viewpoint” (Cain)
three Mountains Problem

6. Stages of Egocentrism Concrete Operational (7-11 years)**
Cannot think abstractly (can only understand concepts in terms of tangible matters), however, they can understand others’ perspectives
“Sally-Anne” Task**
This is where Piaget believes egocentrism diminishes
Formal Operational (beginning at ages to adulthood)
Adolescent egocentrism (Elkind)
Diminishes around 15/16 years old
**Elkind did say it started at 6 in Children and Adolescents, pg 76; however, Rosen states 6/7 on pg 55
**In the most common version of the false-belief task (often called the ‘Sally-Anne’ task), children are told or shown a story involving two characters. For example, in one version, the child is shown two dolls, Sally and Anne, playing with a marble. The dolls put away the marble in a box, and then Sally leaves. Anne takes the marble out and plays with it again, and after she is done, puts it away in a different box. Sally returns and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the first box where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the second box, where the child knows the marble is hidden, even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task, the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own, and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding.

7. Vocabulary Adolescent Egocentrism
self-absorption that marks the teenage search for identity
Imaginary Audience
adolescents feel they are constantly being watched by their peers and are the focus of their attention.
"It is an audience because the young person believes that he or she will be the focus of attention; and it is imaginary because, in actual social situations, this is not usually the case (unless he or she contrives to make it so).” (Elkind)
Personal Fable
tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do.
Invincibility/Invulnerability Fable
“That can never happen to me!”
Cognitive conceit
Tendency to be more confident than correct; smarter than parents

8. Vocabulary Assumptive Realities
Assumptions about reality based on limited information; when faced with the truth, children make it fit into their perspective.
Collective Monologue
Having a conversation with one another, but within their own conversations
Animistic
Giving life to physical objects
The extent to what children give “life” to changes as they grow*
Moral Heteronomy
A blind obedience to rules set by elders
Linked to egocentrism; single-perspective view of the powerful adults (overcome by 10)
Moral Autonomy
When rules are followed for the sake of cooperation
Crystallization
when adolescents use their emerging identities as a source of ideas about careers
Ex: Cain 128

9. Statement of Problem
Major Premise: How does egocentrism play a role in a child’s social life?
Minor Premise: Does moving around affect egocentrism?

10. Hypothesis
Based on Piaget and Elkind’s theory, I believe I will find the participants to display egocentrism, in respect to their age. I, too, predict that the teenager (Nasir) who has moved around more (and will be visiting the state) will be more sociable and aware of his surroundings. Furthermore, in addition to being an adolescent egocentric, I believe that since Nasir is the only male teenager part of the bride’s family, he will be forced to find male friends to accompany him (although it was recorded in the Elkind & Bowen research that adolescent egocentrism is more prevalent in females). Further, I believe that the siblings will stay closer to one another while the only-children will hold a tighter bond with one another.

11. Critical Questions
1. Will the younger children be more social than the teenagers?
2. How do the participants in the study interact with people their age? Older? Younger?
3. Does gender affect the results? Does the older female teenager seem to be getting rid of her imaginary audience?
4. Is there a difference in the way that the movers act?
5. Do the participants in the study interact with people they already know, or do they try to make new friends?
6. What are the participants paying attention to during the wedding ceremony (the ceremony or themselves)?
7. How do the participants react when they are the center of attention?
8. How does egocentrism play a role in a teen’s/child’s friendships (morals, attitude, popularity, character changes)?

12. Pre-Wedding Questions
1. Do you have a lot of friends that will be coming to the wedding?
2. Are you excited for the wedding?
3. What do you think the wedding will be like?
4. Do you want to make new friends?
5. What do you want to do?
6. How do you feel about the wedding?
7. Are you happy that the wedding is in Atlanta? Why/why not?

13. Post-Wedding Questions
1. Did you enjoy the wedding?
2. Did you make any new friends?
3. Are you happy that you attended the wedding?
4. What was your favorite part of the wedding?
5. What was your least favorite part of the wedding?
6. Are you happy that the wedding was in Atlanta? Why/why not?

14. Setting Mehndi (Thursday) Pithi (Friday)
Jamat Khana Ceremony (Saturday)
Reception (Sunday)
Valima (Monday)
Family Lunch (Tuesday)

15. Inaara 7 Mover (Chicago to Atlanta)
Preoperational Stage (see observations)

16. Observations Stayed close to Arzina
“No, I mostly was with Arzina.” (P2,Q2)
Car incident
Ignorant of others’ ideas and perspectives
Invulnerability Fable
Argument with young boy at Valima
Didn’t believe that the boy was hurt, even though he was bleeding “I didn’t even hurt him!”
“When I scratched the boy. It wasn’t even a big deal but everyone was mad for no reason. No one cared when you hit Pinky!” (P2,Q5)
Shows preoperational thinking
Animism

17. Mahreen 17 years old Mover (Chicago to Atlanta)
Formal Operational Stage

18. Observations Stayed isolated/close to family Uncomfortable with mehndi
“I don’t think so, I really just have a few school friends, anyways.” (P1,Q1)
Uncomfortable with mehndi
“THIS (points to her hand under the table). But whatever, I had to, you know?” (P2,Q5)
Moral Autonomy
Getting dressed up
Adolescent Egocentrism
Imaginary audience
Tries to hide mehndi

19. Nasir 13 years old Mover (Miami, Austin, Dallas) Out of State
Only Child
Formal Operational Stage

20. Observations Constantly looking to see if anyone is watching him
Fixes hair/shirt
Text messages/Checks phone
Talks about football
“It’s a waste of time, I should be practicing …No, I’m really mad. It’s my break and I’m supposed to be training for football, too…Whatever, we played football for a little bit.” (P1,Q2; P1,Q7; P2,Q2)
Crystallization

21. Arzina
“11 and 3/4” years old
Only Child
Concrete Operational Stage

22. Observations Directions Magic Box activities Cognitive Conceit
“Oh, when I danced!!” (P2, Q4)
Magic Box activities
Assumptive realities
Tried to make everything link back to her initial idea of time

23. Conclusion
I wasn’t completely correct in my hypothesis. While the children showed egocentrism, the children were at borderline ages, so the factors from the different stages were mixed up together. Further, I was incorrect in my hypothesis that the movers would be more sociable and that the siblings would stick together. It turned out that Arzina and Inaara, the younger ones, would interact with one another and were the more sociable ones.

24. Limitations
Small amount of time
Awkward setting
Out-of-town
Reunion

25. Nature/Nurture line Nature Nurture
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