1. www.intel.com/labs Performance Issues in P2P File Sharing Systems Krishna Kant Ravi Iyer Vijay Tewari Intel Corporation (With contributions from Peter King, Heriott Watt Univ)

2. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 2 OutlineOutline Part I: P2P Computing Overview of P2P applications Overview of distributed computing frameworks P2P services & their requirements New research issues introduced by P2P Part II: Performance Study Issues in network modeling P2P file sharing issues. Introduce a tool and some sample results. Additional issues to investigate.

3. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 3 P2P Beginnings Interest kindled by distributed file-sharing applications Napster: Mediated digital music swapping. (http://www.napster.com) Peer B has it Where is X? Copying X Peer A Peer B Mediator 1 3 2

4. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 4 P2P Beginnings Gnutella: Fully distributed file sharing. (http://gnutella.wego.com) Freenet Distributed file sharing with anonymity and key based search. (http://freenet.sourceforge.net) Peer A Peer D Peer C Peer B C: I have it. 4 3 Where is File (Key) X? 1 Where is File X? 1 Where is File (Key) X? 2 File X 6 GET File (Key) X (HTTP) 5

5. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 5 We had them already! Using idle CPU cycles on home PCs, e.g., SETI@home Involves scanning of radio telescope images for extraterrestrial life. Chunks of data downloaded by home PCs, processed and results returned to the coordinator. Similar schemes used for other heavy-duty computational problems. Idle disk and main memory on workstations exploited in a number of network of workstation (NOW) projects. Master Peer 2 Data Crunching Peer 1 Peer 4 Peer 3 Raw Data Processed Data Data Crunching

6. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 6 Newer Applications P2P streaming media distribution CenterSpan (C-Star Multisource Peer Streaming) Mediated, Secure P2P platform for distributing digital content. Partition content and encrypt each segment. Distribute segments amongst peers. Redundant distribution for reliability. Download segments from local cache, peers or seed servers. http://www.centerspan.com vTrails vtCaster: At stream source. Creates network topology tree based on end users (vtPass client software). Dynamically optimizes tree. Content distributed in a tiered manner. http://www.vtrails.com

7. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 7 Newer Applications P2P Collaboration Networks A variety of applications: telemedicine, military planning, video- conferencing, document editing. A group of peers discover one-another and form an ad-hoc network Peers setup communication channels & distribute objects. Peers do arbitrary real-time computation perhaps involving multiparty synchronization. Example: Groove (http://www.groove.net) Real time, small group interaction and collaboration. Fundamental notion around a shared space Each member of the group owns a copy of the shared space. Changes made to the shared space by one user are propagated to all others (Store and forward if some member is offline). Secure platform (PKI for authentication, end to end encryption, digitally signed components)

8. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 8 So, what is P2P? Hype: A new paradigm that can Unlock vast idle computing power of the Internet, and Provide unlimited performance scaling. Skeptics view: Nothing new, just distributed computing re- discovered or made fashionable. Reality: Distributed computing on a large scale No longer limited to a single LAN or a single domain. Autonomous nodes, no controlling/managing authority. Heterogeneous nodes intermittently connected via links of varying speed and reliability. A tentative definition: An uncoordinated dynamic network (peers can come & go as they please) No central controlling or managing authority. A node can act as both as a client and as a server.

9. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 9 P2P Platforms Legion, University of Virginia, Now owned by Avaki Corp. Globe, Vrije Univ., Netherlands Globus, Developed by a consortium including Argonne Natl. Lab and USCs Information Sciences Institute. JXTA, Open source P2P effort started by Sun Microsystems..NET by Microsoft Corp. WebOS, University of Washington Magi, Endeavors Technology Groove networks PAST, OceanStore (persistent storage), CAN (content addressable network), CHORD (P2P lookup service), Several others not mentioned here.

10. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 10 Avaki (Legion) Objective: Wide-area O/S functionality via distributed objects. Middleware infrastructure for distributed resource sharing in mutually distrustful environment.. Global O/S services built on top of local O/S *Source: Peer-to-Peer Computing by David Barkai (Intel Press)

11. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 11 Avaki (Legion) Naming: LOID (location Indep. Object Id), current object address & object name Persistent object space: generalization of file-system (manages files, classes, hosts, etc.) Communication: RPC like except that the results can be forwarded to the real consumer directly. Security: RSA keys a part of LOIDs, Encryption, authentication, digesting provided. Local autonomy: Objects call local O/S services for all management, protection and scheduling. Active objects: objects represent both processes and methods. Overall: A comprehensive WAN O/S for distributed computing. Not targeted as a general P2P enabler.

12. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 12 GlobeGlobe Objective: Another model for WAN O/S. Distributed passive object model. Processes are separate entities that bind to objects. Each object consists of 4 subobjects: Semantics subobject for functionality. Communication subobject for inter-object communication. Replication subobject for replica handling including consistency maintenance. Control subobject for control flow within the object. Binding to object includes two steps: Name & location lookup and contact address creation. Selecting an implementation of the interface. Overall: Similar to Legion, except that processes and objects are not tightly integrated.

13. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 13 GlobusGlobus Objective: Grid computing, integration of existing services. Defines a collection of services, e.g., Service discovery protocol Resource location & availability protocol Resource replication service Performance monitoring service Any service can be defined and becomes the part of the system. Higher level services can be built on top of basic ones. Preserves site autonomy. Existing legacy services can be offered unaltered. Overall: Provides excellent reusability of existing services. Unconstrained toolbox approach => difficult to join two islands.

14. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 14 JXTAJXTA Objective: A low-level framework to support P2P applications: Avoids any reference to specific policies or usage models. Not targeted for any specific language, O/S, runtime environment, or networking model. All exchanges are XML based. Base concepts for Peers & peer groups: An arbitrary grouping of peers; group members share resources & services. Pipes: Unidirectional, asynchronous communication channels. A peer can dynamically connect/disconnect to any existing pipe within the peer group. Advertisements: A properties record needed for name resolution, availability, etc. Specified as a XML document. Messages: Arbitrary sized w/ source and destination addresses in URI form. At the highest abstraction defines a set of protocols using the base concepts: Peer Discovery protocol: Discovery of peers, resources, peer groups etc. Peer Resolver Protocol Peer Information Protocol Peer Membership protocol. Pipe binding protocol Peer endpoint protocol.

15. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 15 JXTAJXTA Source: White Paper on Project JXTA: A Technology Overview by Li Gong

16. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 16 Microsoft.NET in the context of P2P Objective: An enabler of general XML/SOAP based web services. Message transfer via SOAP (simple object access protocol) over HTTP. Kerberos based user authentication. Extensive class library. Emphasizes global user authentication via passport service (user distinct from the device being used). Hailstorm supports personal services which can be accessed via SOAP from any entity

17. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 17 MAGIMAGI Enabler for collaborative business applications. *Source: Peer-to-Peer Computing by David Barkai (Intel Press)

18. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 18 MagiMagi Magi: Micro-Apache Generic Interface, an extension of Apache project. Superset of HTTP using WebDAV: Web distributed authoring & versioning protocol, which provides, locking services, discovery & assignment services, etc. for web documents. SWAP (simple workflow access protocol) that supports interaction between running services (e.g., notification, monitoring, remote stop/synchronization, etc.) Intended for servers; client interface is HTTP.

19. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 19 WebOSWebOS Objective: WAN O/S that can dynamically push functionality to various nodes depending on loading. Outgrowth of the Berkeley NOW (network of workstations) project. Consists of a number of components Global naming: Mapping a service to multiple nodes, load balancing & failover. Wide-area file system (with transparent caching and cache coherency). Security & Authentication w/ fine-grain capability control. Process control: Support for remote process execution. Project no longer active, parts of it being used elsewhere. Overall: Dynamic configurability useful for P2P environment.

20. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 20 GrooveGroove Groove (http://www.groove.net) Real time, small group interaction and collaboration. Fundamental notion around a shared space –Each member of the group owns a copy of the shared space. –Changes made to the shared space by one member are propagated to each member of the group (Store and forward if some member is offline). Platform is secure. –PKI for user authentication. –End to end encryption. –Groove components are digitally signed

21. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 21 Requirements for P2P Applications Local autonomy: No control or management by a central authority. Scalability: Support collaboration of arbitrarily large number of nodes. Security & Privacy: All accesses are authenticated and authorized. Fault Tolerance: Assured progress with up to k failures anywhere. Interoperability: Any peer that follows the protocol can participate irrespective of platform, OS, etc. Responsiveness: Satisfy the latency expectations of the application. Non-imposing: Allows machine user full resource usage whenever desired without affecting responsiveness. Simplicity: Setting up a P2P application or participating in one should require minimum of manual intervention. Auto-optimization: Ability to dynamically reconfigure the application (no of nodes, functionality, etc.) Extensibility: Dynamic addition of functionality.

22. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 22 Some P2P Services Network Services. Enable communication directly and via firewalls and in the face of intermittent connectivity. Naming, discovery and membership protocols. Data and Metadata services Generic mechanism for publishing and obtaining Metadata for various resources (devices, CPU, memory, files, etc) Event and Exception management services (Publish and subscribe model) Low level file and storage Services Security Services Key distribution, authentication, encryption. Advanced Services: Digital Rights management. Administration, Auditing and resource management services. High level file services akin to a virtual file system. User and group management services. Replication and Migration services.

23. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 23 From Services to possible Layers Transport and data protocols for interoperability : IP, IPv6, sockets, http, XML, SOAP,...Common protocols: IP, IPv6, sockets, http, XML, SOAP,... NAT and firewall solutionsNAT and firewall solutions Roaming, intermittent connectivityRoaming, intermittent connectivity Availability from unreliable components Replication Striping Failover Guaranteed message queuing Communications Communications Location Independent Services Identity, Presence, Community SecuritySecuritySecurity AvailabilityAvailabilityAvailability Communications Administration, Monitoring Naming, Discovery, Directory Sharable Resources StandardsPolicies Authorization Integrity Privacy Web of trust Certification DRM

24. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 24 From Services to possible Layers User / group identity Authentication Persistence Beyond a session Across multiple devices Local Autonomy IT allocation of resources Self administration – reliable whole from unreliable parts Resource monitoring Payment tracking Communications Communications Location Independent Services Identity, Presence, Community SecuritySecuritySecurity AvailabilityAvailabilityAvailability Communications Administration, Monitoring Naming, Discovery, Directory Sharable Resources StandardsPolicies Name space management Metadata management Discovery & location of peers, services, resources, users CPU, storage, memory Bandwidth I/O devices Capability discovery

25. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 25 P2P Research Issues Communication: Communicating with peers behind NAT devices and firewalls. Naming and addressing peers that do not have DNS entries. Coping with intermittent connectivity & presence (e.g., queued transfers). Security and Protection Authentication of users independent of devices. Digital rights management. Access control in a mutually suspicious environment (host machine & resident foreign objects cannot trust one another). Topological mapping: P2P network is typically an ad hoc overlay network Usually a severe mismatch between application communication pattern and physical topology. For planned collaborations, need to reduce this mismatch.

26. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 26 P2P Research Issues Unobtrusive use by machine owner A mechanism to measure & control resource usage. Low latency service handoff protocols to allow machine owner takeover. On demand task migration w/o breaking the application. Information location and retrieval Efficient distributed information location & need based content migration. Intelligent object retrieval Retrieval by properties rather than URL. Need distributed indexing mechanisms. Directing searches to more promising and less loaded nodes. Intelligent caching of search results. Architectural features Efficiently propagate requests & responses w/o much CPU involvement Squelch duplicate, orphaned or very late responses. Stitch traffic from multiple paths to reduce latency or losses for real-time applications.

27. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 27 Scalability Issues Many problems well studied in distributed systems context, but need to be revisited. Need scalability to huge number of peers (e.g., 100M): Peer state management for huge number of peers. Discovery and presence management w/ essentially infinite set of potential peers. Certificate management and authentication for huge user base over a varied set of devices. Geographically distributed load balancing. Multiparty synchronization and communication.

28. www.intel.com/labs Part 2: Performance Study Goals: 1.Define a performance model including - Network model - File storage and access model 2.Introduced a tool and discuss sample results.

29. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 29 P2P Network Characteristics Desirable characteristics Adequate representation of ad hoc nature of the network. Expected to contain a few special sites (well-known, content rich, substantial resources, etc.) Heavy-tailed nature of connectivity. Other Issues Dynamic changes to the network Direct modeling not required if rate of change << request rate. Metadata consistency issues still need to be considered. Mapping of virtual P2P network on physical network P2P applications generally dont pay attention to mapping. Virtual links bet. P2P neighbors are essentially statistically identical. A better modeling possible, but difficult to calibrate.

30. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 30 P2P Node & Link Models Consider a 3-tier model for nodes tier-1: Well-known, resource-rich, always on & part of network. Similar to traditional server nodes (globally known sites in Gnutella) Henceforth called as distinguished nodes. tier-2: Hub nodes (reasonably resource rich & mostly on) Contribute storage/files in addition to requesting them. May join/leave the network, but at time-scale >> req-response time. Henceforth called as undistinguished nodes. tier-3: Infrequently connected or primarily client functionality No need to represent these explicitly in the network Requests/responses from these appear to originate from tier-1/2 nodes that they home on. A very simple link model Physical topology ignored; each link treated like a single pipe. => Links uninteresting from topological perspective.

31. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 31 P2P Network Model Use a random graph model to represent topology. Traditional G(n,p) RG model too simplistic. Use a 2-tier non-uniform model built as follows: Start with a degree K d regular graph of N d dist. Nodes. Add N u undistinguished nodes sequentially as follows: The new node connects to K other nodes. K: const or an integer-valued RV in range 1..K max Each connection targets an undistinguished node with prob q u (this may not be possible for the first K max nodes). Dist. Node target: uniform distribution over all dist nodes. Undist. Node target: Zipf( ) over existing undist. nodes. At most one connection allowed between any pair of nodes. controls the decay rate of nodal degree =0 => Uniform dist => Very slow decay. Used here for simplicity.

32. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 32 Topological properties Some network properties can be analyzed analytically Outline of Analysis (see http://kkant.ccwebhost.com/download.htm ) Degree distribution: Distinguished nodes at level 0, each new node defines a new level. P n (l 2,l) : Prob(level l node has degree n when current level = l 2 ) Get recurrence eqns for P n (l 2,l) & hence its PGF (z| l 2,l). Get avg degree D at (l 2,l) at level l when current level = l 2. Can be adapted for computing the undistinguished degree of a node. No of nodes reached in h hops: R h matrix: R h (i,j) is prob of reaching level i from level j in exactly h hops. Compute R h (i,j) by enumerating all unique paths of length h. Compute G(l 2,h), avg no of nodes reached in h hops starting from a level l 2. Request and response traffic at level l node: n reqs = No of requests reaching undist. nodes in h hops = 1 + h G(l 2,h), n resps = 1 + h h G(l 2,h), since resp from h hops away goes thru h nodes. Nodal utilization & node engineering: Easy to ensure that nodal utilization do not exceed some limits. Queuing properties generally intractable; explored via simulation.

33. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 33 Sample Results - 100 nodes undistno_ofnodesundistrespstraf probhopsreachedreached/node/node 1 5.9 3.3 4.9 6.1 255.244.5103.6146.5 0.05399.185.8235.2320.5 410090.0238.8328.8 510090.0238.8328.8 1 5.9 4.3 4.9 8.4 234.323.8 61.7 82.3 0.50391.073.9231.7304.0 499.989.4267.5356.9 510089.6267.7357.3 1 5.9 5.3 4.9 10.6 228.622.6 50.3 73.6 0.95376.763.8194.6258.4 498.587.4281.8369.2 599.789.3287.8377.2

34. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 34 Sample Results - 500 nodes undistno_ofnodesundistrespstraf probhopsreachedreached/node/node 1 6.0 3.6 5.0 6.2 2243.7232.7 480.5 711.5 0.053499.7488.61248.41737.0 4500.0490.01249.61739.6 1 6.0 4.7 5.0 8.5 2 95.7 84.2 184.3 264.6 0.503483.5465.11347.81812.4 4500.0490.01413.91903.9 1 6.0 5.8 5.0 10.7 2 35.1 29.1 63.2 91.7 0.953163.5137.1 448.3 582.4 4405.7367.71417.21782.7

35. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 35 Simulation of Random Graphs Simulation of Random graph is a hard problem Model represents a large number of topologies that the actual network might take. Too many instances to simulate explicitly and then average the results. Example: 2 dist & 3 undist nodes, each connects to 2 nodes => 6 distinct topologies. Possible approaches to simulation: Average case analysis Constrained model (limit the number of of instances). Direct simulation of probabilistic model.

36. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 36 Average case analysis Intended environment To study performance of an average network defined by RG model. No dynamic changes to the topology possible. Graph construction Start with the regular graph of distinguished nodes (as usual). For adding undist nodes, work with only the avg connectivities K d & K u for an incoming node. Always connect to the existing node with min connectivity. K d & K d can be used successively to handle non-integer K d values (similarly for K u ). Characteristics/issues Simple, only one graph to deal with in simulation. Gives correct avg reachability and nodal utilizations. All queuing metrics (including avg response time) are underestimated.

37. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 37 Constrained Connectivity Intended environment To capture most likely scenarios of connectivity. Accommodate both static topology an slowly changing topology. Graph construction and simulation For the entering level l 2 node, analytically estimate D at (l 2,l) at all l. Allow connection to a level l node only if degree(l) falls in the range (min..max) D at (l 2,l). Found that min=0.5 and max=1.5 is quite adequate. Generate a limited set (~100) instances of the graph. During simulation, each query randomly selects one instance. Characteristics/issues Avoids highly asymmetric topologies => queuing properties may be underestimated. All generated instances are given equal weight. Relative weights can be estimated but very expensive.

38. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 38 Probabilistic Graph Emulation Intended environment To study overall performance when the topology is defined by the random graph model. Accommodate fast changing or unstable topologies. Method: For each node i, estimate relative prob q ij of having an edge to node j i. A query coming from node k to node i is sent to node j with prob q ij /(1-q ik ). This virtual topology for the query is used to return responses as well. Characteristics/Issues Method dependent on analytic calculation of edge probabilities to neighbors. Single simulation automatically visits various instances in the correct proportion. No explicit control over which instances are visited => Reliable results may take a very long time. Very expensive and difficult to handle complex operations (e.g., file migration).

39. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 39 File Size & access distribution Using a 2-segment model: Small sizes: Distribution generally irregular; uniform is a reasonable model. Pareto tail with decay rate 1< <2 is quite reasonable. Adopted distribution: Uniform dist in the small-size range 400 bytes to 4 KB. Pareto distribution with a min value of 4KB and mean of 40 KB => = 1.11. 40 KB mean is typical for web pages, but too small for MP3 files. File category provides a link between file size and its popularity. Needed to model higher access rate of small files. Chose 9 categories (equally spaced in log domain) 400B, 1.265KB, 4KB, 12.65KB, 40KB, 126.5KB, 400KB, 1.265MB, 4MB, 12.65MB File access distribution: Across categories, distribution specified by a discrete mass function: (0.07, 0.14, 0.2018, 0.20, 0.14, 0.098, 0.0686, 0.048, 0.0336) This increases linearly first and then decays geometrically w/ factor 0.7. Within each category, assume uniform access distribution.

40. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 40 File Copy parameters Each search in a P2P network may result in multiple hits. Need only dist. of hits; precise modeling of search mechanism not needed. Use file copies for this: Each file has C copies in the range (1.. C max ) with a given distribution. A file is now identified by the triplet: (category, file_no, copy_no) where file_no is a unique id (e.g., sequence no) of files in a category. This allows following capabilities: Unique searches specified by the file-id triplet. Non-unique searches specified by (category, file_no). Replication control and fault-tolerant operation. File copy parameters: Distribution may be related to the nature of the file (not considered here). Separate distributions allowed for files allocated to dist & undist nodes. Assuming a triangular distribution with C max = 20, and mode C mode = 5 for all nodes => Mean no of copies = 8.667.

41. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 41 File Assignment to Nodes Assignment of copies to nodes: Assign copies at a fixed distance so as to distribute them evenly across the network. Apply an offset for each round of copy assignment to avoid bunching up. Do not assign more than one copy of a file to a node. Algorithm: loop over all files n_copies = triangular_rv(1, C max, C mode ) // Generate random no of copies if ( n_copies > n_nodes ) n_copies = n_nodes; // Dont allow more copies than nodes distance = n_nodes/n_copies; // Distance for copy allocation offset = 1 + n_nodes/no_files; // If too few files, get an offset to avoid bunching tot_offset = (tot_offset + offset) % n_nodes; node_no = tot_offset; // Node for the assignment of first copy for ( copy_no = 0; copy_no < n_copies; copy_no++) { assign_file( node_no, file_no, size); node_no = (node_no + distance) % n_nodes; // Next node for assignment if ( copy_no < n_copies -1 && node_no == (tot_offset + wraps)% n_nodes) { node_no = (node_no + 1) % n_nodes; wraps++; } } // loop over copies

42. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 42 Query Characteristics Assumptions: No queries (searches) started from distinguished nodes since these nodes are essentially servers. Identical query arrival process at each undistinguished node. Arrival process model An on-off process with identical Pareto distribution for on \& off periods: P(X>x) = (x/T) for x > T Assume T=12 secs, and =1.4 which gives E(X)=30 secs. Const inter-arrival time of 4 secs during the on-period, no traffic during off period. Total traffic at a node is superposition of arrivals from all reachable nodes. Approx. a self-similar process with Hurst parameter H=(3 - )/2 = 0.8 when no of reachable nodes is large. Query properties: Each query specifies a file (category, file_no) w/ given access characteristics. Shown results do not specify copy_no => Multiple hits possible for each query. Query percolates for h hops. ( h =3 can cover 90% of nodes for chosen graph). If a query arrives at a node more than once, it is not propagated.

43. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 43 File Retrieval Query Response: Query reaching a node generates found/not found response, which travels backwards along the search path. Querying node runs a timer T u ; all responses after the timeout are ignored. Currently no concept of retrying the timed out requests. Requests and responses may be culled if response time exceeds a limit. Distribution of T u : Triangular in the range (3, 14) secs with mean 8.0 secs. File retrieval: Randomly choose one of the positively responding nodes for file retrieval. Requested file(s) are obtained directly (i.e., do not follow the response path). Retrieved file may be optionally cached at the requesting node. File cache flushing Used as an indirect modeling of dynamic changes in tier-3 nodes. A cache flush represents a tier3 user disconnecting and replaced by another statistically identical tier-3 node. No of cycles before cache flushing: Zipf with min=30, max=120 and =1.0.

44. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 44 Service time modeling Node service Each query & response need service at each node visited. File transfer needs service on both ends & has two parts A basic service time (indep. of file-size, given by a distribution). A file-size dependent component. Each node implements 3 priority levels for efficient processing Low: queries, Medium: file transfers, High: response processing. Overall queue size constrained to avoid long queuing delays. Link Service Link service time also has two components: A basic service time (indep. of transfer size, given by a distribution). Size dependent part determined from link bit rate. Link bit rate taken as 3 KB/sec (a estimate of real-life rate on Internet). Links are pure delay servers (assuming P2P traffic << total traffic).

45. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 45 P2P Simulation Tool (FSST) Developed a file sharing simulation tool (FSST) with following functionality Generation of random graphs instances w/ constrained degree. Simultaneous simulation of multiple graphs. Flexible specification of various network & file parameters. Unique & non-unique file searches. Optional culling of requests & responses. Queuing and service at nodes and links. File transfers, file caching, and cache flushing. Features currently unavailable Automatic propagation of files through the network. Explicit modeling of user retry behavior. Dynamic changes to the network. Mapping between P2P network and physical network. Tool specifics: Written in C/C++. Uses Sim++ package as simulation engine. Input interface common w/ Geist (demonstrated at this conf.).

46. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 46 Sample input file num_graphs = 100;# Number of graphs simulated max_deg_mult = 1.5; min_deg_mult = 0.5;# multipliers to get min & max degrees num_d_nodes = 10; num_u_nodes = 90;# No of dist/undist nodes num_d_edges = 2; num_u_edges = 4;# Initial no of edges for dist/undist node undist_node_prob = 0.50;# Prob of connecting to a undist node num_hops = 3;# number of hops each message n_categories = 10;# Total no of size categories category_boundary = {400, 1265, 4000, 1.265e4, 4.0e4, 1.265e5, 4.0e5, 1.265e6, 4.0e6, 1.265e7}; category_prob = {0.07, 0.14, 0.2018, 0.20, 0.14, 0.098, 0.0686, 0.048, 0.0336, 0.0}; # Relative prob of each category bucket. d_file_size = {400, 4000, 1.265e7, 4.0e4, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};# Distinguished file size parms # min_unif, max_unif, max, mean, unif_prob, alpha, beta u_file_size = d_file_size;# Undist file size parms d_copies_parms = {Triangle_int, 1, 20, 5, 0}; # number of file copies at dist. nodes u_copies_parms = {Triangle_int, 1, 20, 5, 0};# No of file copies at undist nodes num_files = {500, 1000}; # No of files at dist/undist nodes filestore_size = {2.0e8, 3.2e7};# File cache size at dist/undist nodes queue_depth = {50, 50};# Max queue length allowed max_cached_file_size = 80000;# Max file size that is cached

47. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 47 Sample input file (contd) srch_stime_parms = {Exponential, 0.010, 0.1, 0.015, 0}; # CPU time for searching and search propagation (no local hit) local_srch_stime = {Exponential, 0.002, 0.050, 0.00225, 0}; # CPU time for search in local cache (local hit) rel_cpu_speed = {1.0, 1.0};# CPU speeds of dist/undist nodes link_bandwidth = 3.0e3;# Link BW in bytes/sec link_stime_parms = {Exponential, 0.01, 0.20, 0.015, 0}; # Link service time search_priority = low; response_priority = high; # Rel. priorities of query & resp. get_priority = medium; put_priority = medium; # Rel. priority of file gets & puts put_stime_parms = {Exponential, 0.003, 0.1, 0.005, 0}; # CPU time for file put per_byte_proc_time = 15e-7;# time for processing files resp_stime_parms = {Exponential, 0.002, 0.1, 0.004, 0}; # resp proc CPU time int_arrival_time = 4;# Inter-arrival time during on period on_period_parms = {Pareto, 12, 1200, 30, 0}; # On period for req. arrivals num_user_on_cycles = {Zipf, 30, 120, 0, 1};# num cycles before a cache flush timer_threshold = {Triangle, 3, 14, 7, 0};# Elapsed time for link traversal simulation_warmup_time = 30000; simulation_run_time = 120000;

48. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 48 Sample Results from FSST (1) Node Utilization and Queue Lengths as a function of #hops Reachability and Response Rate Observations: Node utilization is significant at hops >=3 Node utilization is significant at hops >=3 % successful requests saturates beyond 3 hops due to increased queuing and dropped messages % successful requests saturates beyond 3 hops due to increased queuing and dropped messages Local cache hit rate changes minimally as a function of the number of hops Local cache hit rate changes minimally as a function of the number of hops

49. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 49 Sample Results from FSST (2) Impact of the Caching Option Selected Observations: Node Utilization and queue length at the distinguished nodes increases moderately as less caching is performed. Node Utilization and queue length at the distinguished nodes increases moderately as less caching is performed. Caching < 40K (avg file size) seems to provide the highest hit ratio for searches Caching < 40K (avg file size) seems to provide the highest hit ratio for searches Expired responses are negligible (perhaps need better parameterization). Expired responses are negligible (perhaps need better parameterization).

50. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 50 Sample Results from FSST (3) Impact of the File Store Size at Non-Distinguished Nodes Observations: Increasing the file store size improves the performance scenario considerably Increasing the file store size improves the performance scenario considerably Node utilization decreases Node utilization decreases Queue Length reduces Queue Length reduces Search hit ratio improves. Search hit ratio improves. The average no of responses per request reduces somewhat because more local hits occur The average no of responses per request reduces somewhat because more local hits occur

51. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 51 Sample Results from FSST (4) Small vs. large queue depth at the nodes Impact of More Powerful Distinguished Nodes Observations: Increasing the queue depth ensures no dropping of requests BUT does not impact the success rate of node utilization much. Increasing the queue depth ensures no dropping of requests BUT does not impact the success rate of node utilization much. Making the distinguished nodes more powerful seems to have no impact other than the obvious reduction in utilization at distinguished nodes. Making the distinguished nodes more powerful seems to have no impact other than the obvious reduction in utilization at distinguished nodes.

52. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 52 Effect of Caching / Flushing Switches Sample Results from FSST (5) Effect of Enforcing Message Expiry in Network Observations: When flushing and caching are both turned off, the search hit ratio is the best (because files do not get replaced & lost). When flushing and caching are both turned off, the search hit ratio is the best (because files do not get replaced & lost). Enforcing message expiry makes very little difference to the results (when using the average timer threshold value as the message expiry threshold). Enforcing message expiry makes very little difference to the results (when using the average timer threshold value as the message expiry threshold).

53. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 53 Conclusions & Future Work Summary of covered material: Introduced major developments relevant to P2P computing. Introduced sample middleware functionality to support P2P applications. Discussed major research issues to be resolved. Proposed a random graph model for P2P networks and studied its properties. Studied some performance issues for P2P deployments using detailed simulation of file-sharing applications. Future P2P Performance Work Various strategies for automated file propagation through the network. Intelligent caching and invalidation of search results. Key based file location (hashing + searching). Dynamic changes to network and file-sets stored at nodes. Mapping of virtual network over a physical network to obtain more realistic link delays. Various ways of culling unnecessary requests and responses.

54. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 54 Relevant sites: P2P Applications Napster (http://www.napster.com)http://www.napster.com Gnutella (http://gnutella.wego.com)http://gnutella.wego.com Freenet (http://freenet.sourceforge.net)http://freenet.sourceforge.net JXTA (http://www.jxta.org)http://www.jxta.org Avaki Corp (http://www.avaki.com)http://www.avaki.com Legion (http://legion.virginia.edu)http://legion.virginia.edu Globe (http://www.cs.vu.nl/~steen/globe)http://www.cs.vu.nl/~steen/globe Globus (http://www.globus.org)http://www.globus.org Microsoft.Net (http://www.microsoft.com/net)http://www.microsoft.com/net CenterSpan (http://www.centerspan.com)http://www.centerspan.com vTrails (http://www.vtrails.com)http://www.vtrails.com SETI@Home (http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu)http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu CAN (http://www.acm.org/sigcomm/sigcomm2001/p13.html)(http://www.acm.org/sigcomm/sigcomm2001/p13.html) CHORD (http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/chord)(http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/chord) PASTRY (http://research.microsoft.com/~antr/Pastry)(http://research.microsoft.com/~antr/Pastry)

55. April 14, 2002 Kant, Iyer & Tewari, Performance Issues in P2P file-sharing systems 55 Relevant Sites: Modeling Issues File-sharing networks Intl workshop on P2P ( http://www.cs.rice.edu/Conferences/IPTPS02/) Jovanovic et al (U/Cinn), Scalability issues in Gnutella (http://www.ececs.uc.edu/~mjovanov/Research/paper.html) Adar & Hubermann (HP), Free riding in Gnutella (http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_10/adar) Ripeanu (U/Chicago), Peer-to-Peer Architecture Case Study: Gnutella Network Ripeanu http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/research/publications/techreports/TR-2001-26 Internet graph models Kumar, et. al, (IBM), Web as a Graph, http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/k53/algo.html Aiello et al (AT&T/UCSD) A random graph model for massive graphs, http://math.ucsd.edu/~llu/random_abs.html Taxonomy Kant, Iyer & Tewari (A classification framework for P2P technologies) http://kkant.ccwebhost.com/download.html