1. Issues within Africa

2. Agenda Bell Ringer: Write down what is going on within your chosen country at this moment. Lecture: Africa, post Apartheid Quick clip: Boko Haram Arms trading and Africa A look at Africa today Quick Discussion

3. Africa After World War II, imperialism fell out of favor as African nations began desiring independence. However, starting a new government always has issues to overcome.

4. Quotes about the foundation of government. "Most of our weaknesses derive from lack of finance, trained personnel, etc., etc., etc. We are left with no choice but to fall on either the east or west, or indeed, on both of them.“ - Kenneth Kaunda, 1966, Zambia Julius Nyerere, 1964-1985, Tanzania. He argued for shifting the political paradigm away from the European models inherited from the colonial era and toward indigenous Africans forms.

5. Julius Nyerere, President of Tanzania It is stupid to rely on money as the major instrument of development when we know only too well that our country is poor. It is equally stupid, indeed it is even more stupid, for us to imagine that we shall rid ourselves of our poverty through foreign financial assistance rather than our own financial resources... From now on we shall stand upright and walk forward on our feet rather than look at this problem upside down. Industries will come and money will come, but their foundation is the people and their hard work, especially in agriculture. This is the meaning of self-reliance.

6. Issues and Challenges Infant mortality – 60 % of population is under 20. – Children utilized as soldiers in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Uganda. – Undernourishment in Sub- Saharan Africa is at 40% Armed Conflicts – D R of C, mineral rights – “African World War” until 2003. Involved seven countries and led to the death of nearly 6 million. Economic Issues – Debt was unsustainable for African nations. – In some cases, countries would take money away from social programs to

7. Success Stories Uganda received debt reduction services. Apartheid ends in the early 1990s. Expansion of immunization programs led to 14% decline in infant mortality. – Measles deaths dropped 90 % since 2003.