1. Wash inaugural

2. FirmDignifiedCautious Aware that he would set precedents Should not propose legislation Qualities of Washington as Prez

3. John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court 3 from North and 3 from South 3 from North and 3 from South Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court 3 from North and 3 from South 3 from North and 3 from South Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. FIRST SUPREME COURT

4. Washington's First Cabinet Department of State-----Foreign affairs Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State Department of State-----Foreign affairs Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State cabinet Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government Department of Treasury---Financial affairs Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury Department of War-------------------Military affairs Henry Knox----Secretary of War Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

5. HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially.

6. 6 Objectives Create a unified nation Centralized govt. with power to protect property and maintain order Rich should be given a “distinct permanent share in govt Proposals Permanent Senate Executive for life Chosen indirectly by electors from states Chosen from the economically superior To pacify the people let them elect lower House

7. Report on Public Credit Bind the wealthy to the govt by utilizing their own self-interest Secure investment from abroad How? Call in outstanding bonds Issue new interest-bearing bonds at full face Creates a permanent debt

8. Foreign Debt $11,710,000 National War Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Custom Duties (Tariffs) Excise Tax on Whiskey Misc. Revenue HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems: Pay off $75.6 million debt Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products Tariff: a tax on imports Establish good credit with foreign nations Create a national bank with a national currency Raise money for govt backed by gold silver Compromise w/ TJ and Madison called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C.

10. “Assumption” of State Debts Funded in same manner Benefitted speculators, members of Congress, even Asst. Sec. of Treasury Benefitted Northern states Strengthens the national govt What about original bond-holders??? Let’s make a deal

11. Hamilton’s Financial Plan Create a Bank of the United States jointly owned by private stockholders and national govt make loans to merchants handle govt funds issue bank notes

12. BANK OF THE U.S.HAMILTON Safe place to deposit and transfer money Provide loans to government and state banks A national currency---$$$$$ An investment by people to buy stock into US bank Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose construction of Constitution National debt good for countryJEFFERSON Against the Constitution State banks would collapse Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank then control the government Hurt the common man Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national bank. Against a national debt BUS

13. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision Northern Federalists supported Hamilton Southern Federalists aligned w/ TJ and Madison began to call themselves Democratic Republicans or Republicans

14. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision southern planters and western farmers wage labor = no economic and political independence vision of the independent yeoman farm family

15. “Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.” TJ in Notes in the State of VA (1785)

16. International division of labor Our meat and grain would feed Europeans Europeans manufacture in exchange clothing and other products

17. Turmoil in Europe brings TJ’s Vision Closer to Reality 1793: Fighting b/w France and Britain disrupts European farming guess who becomes #1 supplier of wheat? guess who experiences a boom in cotton exports?

18. whiskeymap Whiskey Rebellion Hamilton wanted additional revenue Excise tax on home grown whiskey Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt Hamilton wanted additional revenue Excise tax on home grown whiskey Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt

19. Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania. Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania. Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax Believed it was an unfair tax. Believed it was an unfair tax. Were called the “Whiskey Rebels” Were called the “Whiskey Rebels” WHISKEY REBELLION

20. Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution Another Boston Tea Party? Another Boston Tea Party?Outcome: Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy” Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy” Showed the power of the national government Showed the power of the national government President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion. Whiskey WHISKEY REBELLION

21. FRENCH REVOLUTION LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY FRENCH REVOLUTION LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis Overthrow King Louis 16 th and Marie Antoniete similar to King George Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis Overthrow King Louis 16 th and Marie Antoniete similar to King George Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours French Rev

22. France goes to war against European kings France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war France goes to war against European kings France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war French Rev Executions of King Louis the 16 th and Marie Antoniette in 1793. Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded. Executions of King Louis the 16 th and Marie Antoniette in 1793. Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded. FRENCH REVOLUTION LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY FRENCH REVOLUTION LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY

23. Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH

24. farewell neutrality President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid. President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid. Why? Why? I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….April 1793 WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH

25. “Citizen” Genet French rep. trying to recruit privateers (not pirates) Washington orders Genet to stop Genet ignores; Washington demanded his withdrawal Girondins overthrown by Jacobins; Genet to be arrested as soon as he gets back Genet asks for asylum

26. Conflicts with Britain and French US traded with both 1793: French and Brits seize 600 American ships Dec: British seize 250 ships alone in West Indies. No warning – Impressed and imprisoned American sailors. Jeffersonians called for war Federalists resisted (financial system).

27. British forts on U.S. soil. Still haven’t removed troops and supplying Indians with weapons Disputed land claims with Spain..Cut off Mississippi River

28. Other British Provocations Conspire w/ McGillivary of the Creek to attack Southern frontier Atrocities Remember this for War of 1812 Andrew McGillivary

29. President Washington faced several Indian problems. British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers. British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers. President Washington faced several Indian problems. British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers. British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers. precedents

30. War in the Old Northwest Territory Shawnee, Mingo and Miamis, led by Little Turtle scored early victories (1790–91) Defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Anthony Wayne (1794)

31. War in the Old Northwest Territory Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

32. Map 13 of 45

33. Jays Jay’s Treaty with England Jay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

34. IMPRESSMENT Impressment : an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French were doing this to us. impressment

35. Jay’s Treaty (1794) Pay pre-Revolution debts Submit claims for illegally seized goods THEN, Brits to remove troops and Indian agents from NW BUT NO MENTION OF ENDING IMPRESSMENT Narrowly ratified Angered pro-French Americans John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.

36. Consequences of Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic- Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity. Spain, fearing US- British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

37. Picnkneys Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River, right of deposit at New Orleans (no duties) and the boundary was set at 31 st parallel between Spanish Florida and US…… Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans.

38. Federalist Beliefs Democratic-Republicans Leader Appealed to Alexander Hamilton John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated…. Favored by seaboard cities Farmers and Planters common man Favored by the South and West Ideas of Government Loose Construction Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution Implied powers Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Strict construction State’s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution Expressed/Enumerated powers Expressed/Enumerated powers Common man but educated Bill of Rights is sacred Lesser government the better Domestic Policy Supported National Bank—BUS Supported excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Against National Bank—BUS Against excise tax Against National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Foreign Policy Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

40. political partiespolitical parties permanent alliancespermanent alliances getting involved in European affairsgetting involved in European affairs sectionalismsectionalism “Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796 WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECH

41.  Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents Proclamation of Neutrality  Remember he stated this also in 1793 with his Proclamation of Neutrality.  No entangling alliances…….  No entangling alliances…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to trade with Europe  Neutrality = Isolation US ISOLATIONISM

42. Election of 1796 Federalists John Adams/Pinkney Republicans TJ/Burr Hamilton’s chicanery Adams stubborn

45. Quasi War & XYZ Affair 1797: French launch attacks on shipping and seize US vessels Hamilton’s dogs urge Adams to press for war Sends commission to France

46. XYZ Affair To meet w/ Foreign Minister 3 no-name operatives ask for $250,000 and a loan of several millions of $$$ Adams makes it know to Congress High Federalists war cry gets louder

47. A Professional Army? Federalists want an army to crush dissent GW to lead BUT only if Hamilton is 2 nd in command May 1798: Established Navy Department Adams would not give Federalists what they wanted

48. Alien and Sedition Acts (Summer 1798) To protect the ppl in time of crisis (or eliminate threat of the Republicans Naturalization Law: 5-  14 yrs Alien Enemies Act Alien Friends Act Sedition Act Enforcement left to federal courts

49. VA and Kentucky Resolutions Last hope are the states Kentucky Resolution TJ Compact b/w states Nullification VA Resolution Madison States to defend rights of ppl But no 1 state could nullify federal law

50. Peace with France Bonaparte signs Convention of 1800 (re-established commerce) May 1800: fires Hamilton’s men; dismantles the army Hamilton out to destroy Adams A split Federalist Party limps to the Election of 1800 Gangs of young Federalists and Republicans clash on the streets

51. Jefferson and Burr (VP) tied House of Reps (after 36 ballots) elects TJ Hamilton convinced some Federalists to support TJ 12 th Amendment (1804)

52. Revolution of 1800 A quiet one Turnover of govt from one party to another Demonstrated the strength and resiliency of the govt In other parts of the world, this doesn’t happen

54. notes1 1.Washington’s Presidency  Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797  VP: John Adams 2. Problems facing US  Debt  Government on paper but not in practice  British, Spain and Indians  Confidence in new government 3. Accomplishments  Political achievements  Precedents  Develops first  Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson  Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789  treaties THE NATION BEGINS Created lowers courts to assist the Supreme Court

55.  Domestic Achievements:  Secures westward expansion  Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain  Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain  Debt solutions  Excise taxes and tariffs  Bank of United States (BUS)  Enforced Constitution  Whiskey Rebellion  Demonstrated strength of new government  Foreign Achievements  No war with Great Britain or Spain  French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US response  Neutrality Act---Washington warns = stay out  Cornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism  Washington’s Farewell Speech  Two ways the US can stay unified and strong  Avoid political parties  military alliances with European countries notes2 Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”

56. Indian land

57. RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES Federalist Beliefs (former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans Leader Appealed to Alexander Hamilton John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated…. Favored seaboard cities Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West Ideas of Government Loose Construction Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution Implied powers Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Preferred govt. similar to a king Strict construction State’s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution Expressed/Enumerated powers Expressed/Enumerated powers Educated but common man Upheld Bill of Rights as sacred Lesser government the better Domestic Policy Supported National Bank—BUS Protective tariff and excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Against National Bank—BUS Against Protective Tariff Against excise tax and National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Foreign Policy Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French political

58. Read, analyze chart and answer the questions taxation and representation in Congress In 1790, the first U.S. census was taken, as required by the Constitution…The count was necessary in order to determine taxation and representation in Congress. All free people were counted, as well as “three-fifths of all other Persons.” Indians were excluded. City179018001810 Boston18,03824,93733,250 New York33,13160,48996,373 Philadelphia45,52969,40391,874 Baltimore13,50326,11435,583 Charleston16,35920,47324,711 1.What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur? 2.What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons? 3.Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown? 4.Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown?

59. notes1 1.Washington’s Presidency  Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797  VP: John Adams 2. US Problems = Solutions  Government on paper but not in practice  Precedents  Develops first  Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson  Supreme Court  Debt  Excise taxes and tariffs  Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792  Confidence in new Constitution  Whiskey Rebellion  Successfully put down by Washington, 1794 THE NATION BEGINS Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”

60.  The Possibility of War  Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain  Forts for debts  Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain  Open up the Mississippi River  French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US  US asked to help France in war with England  Neutrality Act---Washington warns US to stay neutral and not side with the French. 4. Washington’s Farewell Speech: 1796  Two ways the US can stay unified  Avoid  political parties  Military alliances with Europe  Neutrality----Isolation notes2Achievements: Sound economic foundation westward expansion Kept us out of war