2. C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to
Describe the patterns and changes in what goods and services are produced in the United States. 1
Describe the patterns and changes in how goods and services are produced in the United States. 2
Describe for whom goods and services are produced in the United States. 3
Use the circular flow model to provide a picture of how households, firms, and governments interact to determine what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced. 4

3. 2.1 WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED?
What We Consume
People buy millions of different goods and services.
We can describe what people buy and consume only if we classify goods and services in large groups.
Let’s look at the items that people spend most on.

4. 2.1 WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED?
Figure 2.1(a) shows
what we consume.
Americans spend the largest share of their income on:
Medical care
Housing
Transportation
Food
Recreation

6. 2.1 WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED?
Figure 2.1(b) shows
that Americans spend:
A falling share of total expenditure on food
and other necessities.
An increasing share on services, such as meals away from home

7. 2.1 WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED?
What We Produce
Businesses located in the United States produce most of the goods and services that people in the United States buy.
Businesses in the rest of the world produce goods and services that the United States imports.
The largest part of what we produce today is services, not goods.

8. 2.1 WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED?
Figure 2.2 shows the largest five items of services produced.
And the largest five items of goods produced.

9. 2.1 WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED?
What We Buy from the Rest of the World
Figure 2.3 shows the five largest items that we buy and import from the rest of the world.

10. The productive resources used to produce goods and services.
2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Factors of production
The productive resources used to produce goods and services.
Factors of production are grouped into four categories:
Land
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship

11. 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Land
The “gifts of nature” that we use to produce goods and services. All the things we call natural resources.
Labor
Work time and work effort that people devote to producing goods and services

12. 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Capital
Tools, instruments, machines, buildings, and other constructions that have been produced in the past and that businesses now use to produce goods and services.
Entrepreneurship
The human resource that organizes labor, land, and capital--entrepreneurs come up with ideas about what and how to produce, make business decisions, and bear the risks that arise from these decisions.

13. Land 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.4(a) shows that almost 50 percent of the land in the United States forest, parks, and water.
Agricultural land is about 47 percent of the total and is decreasing slightly.
Urban land is about 5 percent of the total and is increasing slightly.

14. 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.4(b) shows the urban distribution.
A quarter lives in the six largest cities.
Almost a third live in the ten largest cities.
More than a half lives in cities that exceed 1 million.

15. 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.5 shows how long the known reserves of nonrenewable energy resources will last at the current growth rates of use.
New reserves are constantly being discovered.

16. Labor 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Human capital
The quantity of labor depends on the size of the working age population and the number of people in that age group that decides to take a job.
The quality of labor depends on human capital.
Human capital
The knowledge and skill that people obtain from education, on-the-job training, and work experience.

17. 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Figure 2.6 shows the U.S. labor force and
how it has
changed
since 1980.

18. 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.7 shows measures of human capital and how they have changed since 1910.

19. Capital 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
In addition to human capital, economists distinguish between two meanings of capital—financial capital and physical capital.
Financial capital consists of the funds that firms use to buy physical capital.
The factor of production is physical capital.
The value of capital grows steadily over time.

20. Entrepreneurship 2.2 HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
The quantity and quality of entrepreneurship is hard to describe and measure.
But we can easily recognize brilliant entrepreneurs by their enormous financial success.
Sam Walton (Wal-Mart), Bill Gates (Microsoft), and Michael Dell (Dell Computers) are examples of outstanding entreprenuers.

21. 2.3 FOR WHOM ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Factors of production are paid incomes:
Rent
Income paid for the use of land.
Wages
Income paid for the services of labor.
Interest
Income paid for the use of capital.

22. 2.3 FOR WHOM ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Profit (or loss)
Income earned by an entrepreneur for running a business.
Functional distribution of income
The percentage distribution of income among the factors of production.
Personal distribution of income
The percentage distribution of income among individual persons.

23. 2.3 FOR WHOM ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.8(a) shows the functional distribution of income:
Labor income 72%
Proprietors’ income 9%
Personal rental income 2%
Corporate income 9 %
Net interest income 8%

24. 2.3 FOR WHOM ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.8(b) shows the personal distribution of income.
The poorest 20% earned only 5% of total income.
The richest 20% earned 47% of total income.

25. 2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS Circular flow model
A model of the economy that shows:
The circular flow of expenditures and incomes that
result from decision makers’ choices and the way those
choices interact in markets to determine what, how, and
for whom goods and services are produced.

26. Households and Firms 2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS Households
Individuals or people living together as decision-making units.
Firms
Institutions that organize production of goods and services.

27. Markets 2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
A market is any arrangement that brings buyers and sellers together and enables them to get information and do business with each other.
Factor markets are markets in which factors of production are bought and sold.
Goods markets are markets in which goods and services are bought and sold.

28. Real Flows and Money Flows
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Real Flows and Money Flows
In factor markets:
Households supply factors of production
Firms hire factors of production.
In goods markets:
Firms supply goods and services produced.
Households buy goods and services.

29. Real Flows and Money Flows
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Real Flows and Money Flows
These are the real flows in the economy
Money flows run in the opposite direction to the real flows.

30. Real Flows and Money Flows
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Real Flows and Money Flows
Firms pay households incomes for the services of factors of production.
Households pay firms for the goods and services they buy.
These are the money flows.
The blue flows are incomes.
The red flows are expenditures.

31. Governments 2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
We divide governments into two broad levels:
Federal government
State and local government
Federal Government
The federal government’s major expenditures are to provide:
Goods and services
Social security and welfare benefits
Transfers to state and local governments

32. 2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
The federal government finances its expenditures by collecting taxes.
The main taxes are:
Personal income taxes
Corporate (business) taxes
Social security taxes
During the early 2000s, the federal government is spending and collecting in taxes more than $2 trillion a year—about 20 cents in every dollar earned.

33. 2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS State and Local Governments
State and local governments expenditures provide:
Goods and services
Welfare benefits
State and local governments finance these expenditures by collecting taxes.
The main taxes levied are:
Sales taxes
Property taxes
State income taxes

34. Government in the Circular Flow
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Government in the Circular Flow
Households and firms pay taxes and receive transfers.
Governments buy goods and services from firms.

35. Federal Government Expenditures
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Federal Government Expenditures
Figure 2.11(a) shows federal government expenditures.

36. Federal Government Revenue
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Federal Government Revenue
Figure 2.11(b) shows federal government revenue.

37. Federal Government Expenditures and Revenue
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
Federal Government Expenditures and Revenue
National debt
The total amount that the government has borrowed to make expenditures that exceed tax revenue—to run a government budget deficit.
During the early 2000s, the federal government’s budget is in deficit and the national debt is increasing.

38. State and Local Government Expenditures and Revenue
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
State and Local Government Expenditures and Revenue
The largest part of the state and local governments expenditures are on:
Education
Highways
Public welfare benefits

39. State and Local Government Expenditures
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
State and Local Government Expenditures
Figure 2.12(a) shows
state and local
government expenditures.

40. State and Local Government Revenue
2.4 CIRCULAR FLOWS
State and Local Government Revenue
Figure 2.12(b)
shows state and
local government
revenue.