1. PRESENTATION BY Dr. C. A. SRINIVASAMURTHY PROFESSOR Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-65 HUMAN URINE A SUPPLEMENT TO CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

2. Fertilizer Most essential input in the present day agriculture.  Manufactured using fossil fuels,intensive use leads to pollution.  Global consumption of fertilizer has increased by over 31 % from 1996 to 2008. 56 per cent increase in developing countries.International Fertilizer Industry Association.  Fertilizer inflation has created a crisis in countries that subsidises fertilizer use for farmers.  In India, the country’s subsidy bill could be as high as 22 billion dollars in 2008-09 as against 4 billion dollars in 2004-05.

3. ANNUAL PLANT NUTRIENTS TRANSPORT Present Removal of Nutrients -25 mt/ year Addition of Nutrients - 18 mt/ year Projected 2025 Removal of Nutrients -45 mt/ year Addition of nutrients - How much ???------------ -

4. AGRICULTURE POSSIBLE - ALTERNATIVE OPTION WASTES (URINE)

5. 1. 50% Nutrient transported to urban areas. 2. Only 2% is recycled to fields. 3. Nutrient supply mostly through unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers. 4. Animal residues PLANT NUTRIENTS PILING UP IN URBAN AREAS (NEGILIGANT RECYCLING) Animals Chemical fertilizers Recycling 2% only 90% Fertilizers Animal residues 2 4 3 1 City 50% Nutrients N P K

6.  Indian population- 100,00,00,000  Average – 500 litres of human urine/ person/year  Urine production- 50000,00,00,000 litres/year (50 crores cubic meters / 5000 lakh cubic meters )  Nitrogen content-0.3 %  150,00,00,000 kg of N/year  1.5 kg nitrogen/person/year ParametersVegetarian Non- Vegetarian Nitrogen0.19-0.260.3-0.41 Phosphorus0.16-0.170.16-0.16 potassium0.12-0.180.06-0.13 Sodium0.22-0.540.16-0.19 LIQUID WASTE GENERATION

7. Calculated estimation of the excretion in the different countries CountryN kg/cap yr P kg/cap. yr. K kg/cap. yr. Sweden4.60.4 1.0 China3.50.4 1.2 Haiti2.10.4 1.3 India2.30.3 1.1 South Africa 3.00.31.2 Uganda2.20.31.1 Hakan Jonsson (2003)

8. Table 1.Characterization of anthropogenic liquid waste collected at different dates Sl. No. ParametersNutrient contentAverage 1.pH5.67-8.597.84 2Electrical conductivity (d Sm -1 )9.4-10.29.8 3Biological oxygen demand (mg litre -1 )3.4-3.53.45 4Chemical oxygen demand ( mg litre -1 )175.39-176.49175.94 5Nitrogen (Per cent)0.23-1.20.45 6Phosphorus (Per cent)0.17-0.180.17 7Potassium (Per cent)0.14-0.180.16 8Calcium (meq litre -1 )4-54.5 9Magnesium (meq litre -1 )5.0-5.35.15 10Sulphur ( mg litre -1 )58-5958.5 11Zinc ( mg litre -1 )13-1514.0 12Iron ( mg litre -1 )36-3836.8 13Manganese ( mg litre -1 )Trace 14Sodium (Per cent)0.35-0.370.36 15Carbonate (meq litre -1 )1.4-1.51.45 16Bicarbonate (meq litre -1 )7.9-8.07.95 17Total dissolve solids ( mg litre -1 )0.082-0.0970.0895 18Total hardness0.02-0.030.025 19TSS (mg litre -1 )820-970895.0

9. SAN TO ECOSAN

10. Effect of urine application on spinach plant - Peter Morgan (2004) -Africa Treatment details: T1-water only T2- 3:1 water/urine Frequency of application :0.5litres 2 X per week

12. Option for better use of human urine  Soil application- urine as a liquid fertilizer- Maize Ferti-irrigation - Banana

13. RESEARCH AT UAS- GKVK, BANGALORE

14. Soil application- urine as a liquid fertilizer Recommendation for Maize crop Chemical fertilizer –150:75:40 kg NPK ha -1 ALW-756 liters/216 m 2, 58,333.33 liters ha -1

15. Studies on the effect of ALW on maize grain yield(q/ha) Treatment Grain yield(q/ha) Control40.37 Chemical fertilizer79.87 Human urine80.95

16. Tables. Economics of cultivation of maize crop as influenced by application of Human urine Treatments Grain yield (q ha -1 ) Returns (Rs) Stock (Stover yields) (Rs) Gross returns (Rs) Cost of cultivation (Rs) Net returns (Rs) C:B ratio Cost of savings (Rs) T1T1 40.3728259.04022.532281.512125.020156.51:1.66- T2T2 79.8755909.08357.064266.515926.948339.61:3.03- T3T3 76.3253424.07795.061219.014378.746840.21:3.251548 T4T4 76.8153767.07845.061612.014786.8468525.21:3.171140 T5T5 79.8755909.08317.564226.513925.050301.51:3.612001 T6T6 80.9556665.08469.265134.214041.051093.51:3.632015 T7T7 71.7350211.07417.257628.313911.043717.21:3.141885 T8T8 78.6955083.08136.757628.213978.049261.51:3.521948 T9T9 78.6955083.08156.563239.513900.649338.91:3.552026 T 10 79.9455958.08344.564239.513969.050333.51:3.601957 Note Urea- Rs. 5.50 /kg Single super phosphate – Rs.3.50 Mop – Rs. 4.75

17. Ferti-irrigation - Banana  Fertilizer Recommendation – 400:240:500 kg NPK /ha  ALW-3768 liters/120 plants.  153846.15 liters. Location- Nagasandra, Farmer name- Prakash

18. Table Effect of anthropogenic liquid waste on number of hands per bunch, number of fingers hand -1, bunch weight (kg) and yield (t ha -1 ) Treatments No. of hands per bunch No. of fingers\ bunch - 1 Bunch weight (kg) Yields ( t ha -1 ) Control 9.011.008.019.93 Chemical fertilizer 11.012.3311.028.41 Human urine 12.015.6712.530.00

19. IMPACT OF EXCESS USE OF HUMAN URINE ???? Salt build up in soil. Sodium build up in soil leading to soil sodicity. PREVENTIVE MEASURES  Controlled one time land application  Application based on nitrogen requirement of crops

20. Collection of Human urine Installed –Department of soil science, GKVK, Bangalore

21. Green house experimental results - French beans

22. TREATMENTPlant height (cm) No.of leaves Yield fruit weight (g) Human urine144128.173.8 Cow urine140126.070.01 Chemical fertilizer140127.573.4 control129.598.560.27 Crop : Tomato (Ruchi )

23. Chemical Fertilizer treated pots Cow urine treated potsHuman urine treated pots LEAFY VEGETABLES- Amaranthus

24. Chemical fertilizers Cow urine Human urine CAPSICUM

25. On going experiments at farmers fields

33. Human urine Cow urine Ash guard