1. Chapter 11 International and Collective Security PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell Saginaw Valley State University

2. 2 Seeking Security: Four Approaches Unlimited self-defense – Traditional approach; power through strength Limited self-defense – State-based approach emphasizing arms limitations International security – Collective approach that emphasizes arms limitations Abolition of war – Pacifist approach that emphasizes complete disarmament

3. 3 Security: Standards of Evaluation Security is relative – Role of security norms and collective security forces Domestic versus international Domestic norms usually preclude bad behavior Domestic collective security Domestic disarmament Domestic conflict resolution Impossibility of absolute global security – Need to compare different approaches to international security in order to begin evaluating them

4. Weapons Proliferation Nuclear arms race, 1945-1980s Difference between “atomic” and “nuclear” weapons Known nuclear powers: US, Russia, UK, China, France, Pakistan, India, Israel, maybe North Korea Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty commits member states to not have nuclear weapons—188 signatories (not Israel, Pakistan, India) Limited Test Ban Treaty bans atmospheric testing Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (unsigned by US) bans all testing except for maintenance START I and II between US and Russia reduced # of weapons to 3500 Treaty of Moscow (2002): 1700-2200 weapons each Now, focus is on new TYPES: Bunker buster nuclear weapon

5. Non-Nuclear Proliferation Chemical: 1993 CWC treaty bans Biological: banned by 1972 treaty Great Powers are now in the process of destroying stockpiles (being incinerated in Alabama and Utah) U.S. #1 in non-WMD arms sales worldwide

6. 6 Limited Self-Defense through Arms Control Alternative approach to security Aims at lessening military (especially offensive) capabilities Based on the belief that the decline in the number and power of weapons systems will ease political tension, making further arms agreements more likely

7. 7 Methods of Achieving Arms Control Numerical restrictions Research and development restrictions Deployment restrictions Categorical restrictions Transfer restrictions Testing restrictions Geographic restrictions

8. 8 Numerical Restrictions Placing numerical limits above, at, or below the current level--most common approach to arms control EX: START I & II START I: Central limits include: 1,600 Strategic Nuclear Delivery Vehicles (SNDVs); 6,000 accountable warheads; 4,900 ballistic missile warheads; 1,540 warheads on 154 heavy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) for the Soviet side START II: limited nuclear weapons to 3500, no MIRVs

9. 9 Development, Testing, and Deployment Restrictions Seek to stop a specific area of arms building before it starts Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Anti-Personnel Mine (APM) Treaty

10. 10 Categorical Restrictions Involve limiting or eliminating certain types of weapons Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) Anti-Personnel Mine Treaty

11. 11 Transfer Restrictions Aim at prohibiting or limiting the flow of weapons and weapons technology across international borders – Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) – Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

12. Geographic Restrictions No weapons on the seabed or Antarctica Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (a.k.a. Treaty of Tlatelolco)

13. 13 The History of Arms Control Attempts to control arms and other military systems extend almost to the beginning of written history Modern history of arms control began with the Hague Conferences (1899, 1907) Unparalleled destruction in World War I and II led to bans on poison gas, creation of IAEA Biological Weapons convention—countries with biological weapons agreed to destroy them 1980s: Arms control momentum began to pick up again--Reversing the trend of the cold war and the increasing proliferation of WMD

14. 14 WMD--Arms Control since 1990 Most significant arms control progress made with nuclear weapons – START I and II, Treaty of Moscow Overall number of nuclear weapons declining 10,000 -> 2200 – Renewal of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT): All but 4 nations have ratified – Efforts to ban all nuclear testing Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) – Treaty on chemical weapons Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): pledge to eliminate all chemical weapons by 2005 Problems: dual use nature of chemicals, US and other countries have not ratified

15. 15 C onventional Weapons--Arms Control since 1990 Conventional weapons inventories – Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) – Anti-Personnel Mine (APM) Treaty Conventional weapons transfers – Wassenaar Agreement) – Dual-use technology a thorny problem – UN conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms

16. 16 International Barriers to Arms Control Possibility of future conflict – Threat of terrorists and rogue states – Mini-nukes Doubts about the value of arms control – Skepticism about whether reducing arms will actually increase security (classic tenet of realpolitik) – Realist doubt that arms set off an arms race (question of “the chicken or the egg”) – Political settlements should be achieved before arms reductions are negotiated because of inherent dangerousness of the world – Verification and enforcement of arms control agreements can be an intrusive and difficult process. Some nations seek to evade or violate terms of arms control agreements through technologies and strategies that escape on-site inspections (OSI) and national technical means (NTM).

17. 17 Domestic Barriers to Arms Control National pride – Symbol of national power Military spending, the economy, and politics – Supplying the military can be big business – Iron Triangle: alliance among interest groups, bureaucracies, and legislators forming a military- industrial-congressional complex – Can both hurt and help the national economy

18. 18 International Security Forces: Theory and Practice Defining security – Changing nature of security Organizing security – Global United Nations – Regional Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) African Union (AU)

19. 19 Collective Security: Similar to Domestic Law Enforcement Force used only in self-defense Peace is indivisible; an attack on one is an attack on all (ex: NATO Article V) States unite to halt aggression and restore peace Successful domestically, often fails at the international level – Countries unwilling to subordinate their sovereign interests to collective action – Difficulty of distinguishing aggressor from the victim (Russia v. Georgia over South Ossetia, 2008)

20. 20 Collective Security Bush administration doctrine of Preemptive War in Iraq war posed question of whether unilateral preventive action was a legal form of self-defense under collective security International experts appointed by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in 2004 issued a report challenging legality of unilateral preventive military action. Political realities of UN Security Council politics sometimes mask reasons why members block collective military action by the Security Council even if such action is warranted (e.g., French efforts to curb American hegemony during run-up to Iraq War.)

21. 21 UN Peacekeeping Response tends to be reactive and passive; forces attempt to be neutral—act as buffer to restore peace EX: Disengagement agreements between Israel and Egypt in 1970s Most efforts in LDCs In the past, used military contingents from smaller, nonaligned powers With the end of the Cold War, increasing UN security role for larger powers, niche capability for smaller militaries

22. 22 UN Peacekeeping Issues Budget restraints and dependence on states for dues Security Council mandates establish peacekeeping operations, but these can be limited by the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council Role of international law and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court – Questionable behavior of peacekeepers – Some nations refuse to accept jurisdiction of International Criminal Court and ignore international law to resolve disputes

23. 23 Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement Limited effectiveness of peacekeeping – Lack of political and financial support from member states for UN forces – Lack of commitment from five permanent members of the UN Security Council Peacekeeping missions often do not have enough authority or resources or time to complete mission Upsurge in support for proactive peace enforcement–missions that are both reactive and preventative in scope – Continued tension between rhetoric and reality

24. 24 Peace Enforcement: Humanitarian Intervention or Neocolonialism? Sovereignty at risk for smaller LDCs Major powers often have powerful emotional and political incentives to intervene that may not always be entirely selfless Whose interests are really being served by the deployment of peacekeepers? Will powerful countries now have UN license to impose their will on smaller countries?

25. 25 International Security and the Future Peacekeeping–largely a functional response to an international problem – Becoming almost a permanent part of world politics Frustrations with the United Nations – Inherent limitations of any international organization Need to distinguish between types of international security efforts and handle them differently – Peacekeeping vs. peace enforcement vs. peace-building Use is likely to continue to increase

26. 26 Abolition of War Disarmament/General and complete disarmament (GCD) Unilateral Negotiated Pacifism Universal Private Antiwar

27. 27 Many alternatives to security exist. In order to understand the best approach to international security, we must ask… What makes individuals and states feel insecure?

28. Chapter Objectives: Checklist After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Explain the issue of security by considering what insecurity means. 2. Discuss limited self-defense as an approach to security. 3. Characterize arms control as an approach to achieving security by limiting the numbers and types of weapons that countries possess. 4. List major events and themes in the history of arms con­trol. 5. Discuss the major developments in efforts to achieve arms control by the limiting and reducing certain types of arms. 6. Discuss challenges faced by international efforts to limit arms transfers and the proliferation of weapons, includ­ing biological, chemical, and conventional weapons. 7. Summarize and evaluate international and domes­tic barriers to arms control. 8. Describe the roles that collective security and peacekeeping play in world politics. 9. Discuss the abolition of war as an approach to security, focusing on disarmament and pacifism. 28