1. From Polis to Medina: Urbanism and Fortification around the Mediterranean Cairo, EgyptFlorence, Italy

2. Early period (622-900) Centralized empire Middle period (900-1500) Regional centers and local powers Late period (1500-1800) Supra-regional powers Historical periods of Islamic cultures

3. Arabic-speaking countries today Arab – geneaological, linguistic, or cultural identification

4. Cairo, Egypt from Fustat to Saladin’s Citadel Florence, Italy (communal period city), 13 th cen. I. Urbanization new and old around the Mediterranean: European and Arab cultures 1.

5. I. A. What was the pattern of settlement in the medieval era of successive Arab rulers? 1087: al-Qahira Fustat 1 st Cairo, Egypt Fustat 1 st Fatimid dynasty 909-1167 3.

6. The Citadel of Saladin, completed 1184, Cairo I. A. Citadel with the Alabaster Mosque, 1830-57 (and tomb of Mohammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Egypt, 1830-48) 4.

7. al-Qahira (Fatamid palace/citadel) I. A. 1. The example of the Fatimid palace/citadel, al-Qahira (“the Victorious”), a royal palace/citadel within a city.

8. Cairo, EgyptFlorence, Italy (three rings of walls) I. A. 2. How does this system of successive citadels compare to earlier patterns of urban conquest in Europe and elsewhere?

9. I. A. 2. Roman: the centerMesopotamian: the edge Florence (Roman Florentia), Italy Khorsabad, Iraq

10. Crac des Chevaliers (Qal'at al- Ḥ i ṣ n) Syria, 1142-1213 crusader castle, Knights Hospitaller order Crusades 11 th – 13 th centuries II. Medieval fortifications: the design of city walls in Europe and the Arab world

11. II. A. What offensive attack weapons were medieval fortifications designed to withstand? 1. Old: battering ramsiege towerballista (Greek & Roman)

12. II. A. 2. New: the trebuchet (medieval innovation) ballista (Greek & Roman)

13. II. B. Defensive systems: medieval (really Byzantine) improvements on Roman fortified walls City walls of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople curtain wall defensive towers

14. II. B. Double circuit of walls, Constantinople inner enceinte outer enceinte

15. II. B. 1. machicolation machicolation- a projection at the top of a wall from which missiles an be dropped down against an invading enemy

16. II. B. 1. box machicolation rampart machicolations Crusader Castle, Crac des Chevaliers, Syria, 1142-1213

17. II. B. 2. wood hoardings Wood hoarding mounted on curtain wall with or w/o machicolations attack by mobile siege tower Ditch filled by attackers Defense from wood hoarding mounted on the curtain wall

18. II. B. 3. at the gatesa. a portcullis portcullis - a heavy barred gate that moves vertically up and down in a fortress gateway Cairo (al-Qahira) Bab al-Futuh gate 2.

19. II. B. 3. b. arrow slits arrow slits Cairo (al-Qahira) Bab al-Futuh gate

20. II. B. 3. c. murder holes

21. Bab al-Futuh Saladin (1137-93) Kurdish general, leader of the Arab forces against the Crusaders paved sloped grade in front of gates II. C. Arab improvements on the Byzantine fortification techniques added by Saladin

22. II. C. al-Qahira fortification wall paved sloped grade in front of gates columns laid horizontally

23. al-Qahira fortification wall and gates Bab al-Zuwayla II. D. Symbolism of city walls: in what ways do cities imbue their walls with divine protection and/or city pride?

24. Florence, Italy – a medieval commune Florence (as seen in 1470), communal city walls, 1274-1333 II. D.

25. Roman colony, Florence, ItalyDamascus, Syriatypical residential street in Damascusformer Roman street in medieval Florence III. Urbanism (street patterns) within the walls of European and Arab citiesIII. A. How can we account for the maintenance of the ancient Roman grid into the medieval period and beyond in European cities like Florence? 7.

26. III. B. How can we account for the evolution of suqs and winding street paths of Arab cities in the Mediterranean? Inside al-QahiraCairo, Egypt

27. III. B. economic determinism partially covered suqs inside al-Qahira Silk market al Ghuriyyaal Ghuriyya today

28. III. B. Roman colony Timgad, AlgeriaTransformation of Roman colonnaded street under Arab rule Suq in Aleppo, Syria (former Roman decumanus)

29. medieval merchant palaces on the Palace Walk (Bayn al-Qasrayn) street Emir Bashtak’s house III. B. 2. prevailing notions of public and private

30. schools, mausolea, and hospitals II. B. 3. What are some public amenities financed by wealthy citizens