1. Dug In: Castles and Keeps Dover Castle, England, 1154-89, outer curtain walls early 13 th cen.

2. Traditional histories on castle architecture start with castles as feats of military engineering and ends with castles as high-status country manors. Is this the whole story? Beaumaris Castle, 1295, Wales (Great Britain)Azay-le-Rideau château, 1515-25, France

3. First reference to privately owned castle toward the end of the Carolingian period Invasions of Europe – 9 th -10 th centuries Division of Charlemagne's empire in 843 Charles the Bald: "Castles and fortifications and enclosures made without our permission shall be demolished by 1 st August" (864)

4. “Here below, some pray, others fight, still others work.” (11th century, Bishop Adalbero of Laon) “From the beginning, mankind has been divided into three parts, among men of prayer, farmers, and men of war.” (11 th century, Bishop Gerard of Cambrai) Feudalism emerges in Europe after the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire

5. Normans – identity emerges in 900-950 in Normandy William the Conqueror (1024-87) Normans spread feudalism and its architecture in their many conquests

6. First castles: motte-and-bailey castles Detail of Bayeux Tapestry, ca. 1070-77 Normans spread feudalism and its architecture in their many conquests

7. Remains of motte-and- bailey castle at Pleshey, England two-story timber hall great hall and other buildings motte bailey Motte-and-bailey castles

8. great hall and other buildings Saxon royal hall at Cheddar, England, ca. 1100 Vernacular timber halls of northern Europe Halls and Great Hall of the Saxon royal court at Yeavering, England, 7 th - 9 th cen.

9. two-story timber hall → future masonry keep Keep at Hedingham Castle, 1140 England

10. 10 Dover Castle, England, 1154-89, outer curtain walls early 13 th cen. outer curtain wall inner curtain wall keep (tower) II. Exactly what was fortified about the fortified residence?

11. Double circuit of walls of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople inner curtain wall outer curtain wall Defensive systems: Byzantine innovations on Roman fortified walls in the Byzantine Empire

12. City walls of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople curtain wall defensive towers

13. machicolation- a projection at the top of a wall from which missiles an be dropped down against an invading enemy Defensive fortifications – devil in the details

14. box machicolation rampart machicolations Crusader Castle, Crac des Chevaliers, Syria, 1142-1213 Defensive fortifications – devil in the details

15. wood hoardings Wood hoarding mounted on curtain wall with or w/o machicolations attack by mobile siege tower Ditch filled by attackers Defense from wood hoarding mounted on the curtain wall Defensive fortifications – devil in the details

16. portcullis - a heavy barred gate that moves vertically up and down in a fortress gateway Cairo (al-Qahira) Bab al-Futuh gate Defensive fortifications – devil in the details

17. arrow slits Cairo (al-Qahira) Bab al-Futuh gate Defensive fortifications – devil in the details

18. murder holes Defensive fortifications – devil in the details

19. the trebuchet (medieval innovation) ballista (Greek & Roman) Growing sophistication in siege machines in the Middle Ages

20. Crac des Chevalier’s open tank on the south side fed by an aqueduct. glacis – sloping wall tank/moat 20

21. in response to growing sophistication of siege engines III. Keeps – residential quarters of the elite laymen in 11 th- century Europe most castles of lay elite Keep (donjon) of Loches Castle Loches, France, 1030s keep or donjon or turris

22. 22 engaged shafts ClunyLoches Engaged shafts, passageways in walls, and ashlar masonry: these already appear at Loches before they become widespread in church architecture Keeps and churches share common decorative vocabulary

23. Carolinigan “castles” (castellum) and “towers” (turris) = church westworks St. Gall Fulda Centula St.-Denis Corvey Abbey Possible origins of the keep or donjon

24. 24 Elite domus of a Carolingian abbot Great halls raised on a basement – established in France in the 11 th century Bayeux Tapestry, 1066-82 Loches Possible origins of the keep or donjon

25. 25 4 floor levels inside the donjon at LochesPlan of the donjon at Loches great hall chambers armory chambers Inside a keep – stacked halls and chambers

26. 26 Inside the donjon at Loches today The chapel (3 rd floor) Inside a keep – religious space

27. Bodiam Castle, in East Sussex, England, 1385, owned by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge IV. Bodiam: Last military castle or early castellated manor house?

28. Bodiam Castle: as seen from an artillery platform or from viewing terrace? Bodiam: Last military castle or early castellated manor house?