1. TEN STEPS to BUILDING COLLEGE READING SKILLS Use the tab key, space bar, arrow keys, or page up/down to move through the slides. FIFTH EDITION This presentation is best viewed in “Slide Show” view. [Go to “Slide Show” pulldown menu and click on “Play from Start.”]

2. TEN STEPS to BUILDING COLLEGE READING SKILLS FIFTH EDITION John Langan © 2011 Townsend Press

3. This Chapter in a Nutshell In this chapter, you will learn about three other types of relationships: Relationships that involve illustration —Typical illustration transitions are for example and for instance Relationships that involve comparison and/or contrast —Typical comparison transitions are alike and similar. —Typical contrast transitions are but and however. Relationships that involve cause and effect —Typical cause-effect transitions are reasons, because, and therefore.

4. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II This Chapter in a Nutshell In this chapter, you will learn about relationships involving illustration, comparison, contrast, and cause and effect.

5. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration Words That Show Illustration Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. Anyone can become a safer driver. Do not talk or send text messages on your cellphone. B. Anyone can become a safer driver. For instance, do not talk or send text messages on your cellphone.

6. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration Words That Show Illustration Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. Anyone can become a safer driver. Do not talk or send text messages on your cellphone. B. Anyone can become a safer driver. For instance, do not talk or send text messages on your cellphone. The second item is easier to understand. The words For instance make it clear that not talking or sending text messages on a cellphone is one way to be a safer driver.

7. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II B. Anyone can become a safer driver. For instance, do not talk or send text messages on your cellphone. 1 Illustration / Words That Show Illustration For instance and other words and phrases like it are illustration words.

8. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration / Words That Show Illustration Illustration words tell us that an author will provide one or more examples to clarify a given idea.

9. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration / Words That Show Illustration In the cartoon above, the man gives his doctor one example of how he tries to limit what he eats—having only one dessert!

10. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II Here are some common words that show illustration: Examples Some birds, such as the penguin and the ostrich, cannot fly. 1 Illustration / Words That Show Illustration Illustration Words My mother’s love of chocolate has led to some pretty weird combinations. Once she put Hershey’s syrup on a cheese sandwich. People came to America for many reasons. The Puritans, for example, arrived in 1620 seeking religious freedom.

11. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II The Definition and Example Pattern The definition and example pattern of organization includes just what its name suggests: a definition and one or more examples. 1 Illustration

12. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration / The Definition and Example Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in an order that makes sense. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? A. When acupuncture is used to kill pain, needles are inserted far from the area of pain. B. Acupuncture is a Chinese medical technique that involves inserting special needles in certain places in the body. C. In one stomach operation, for instance, four needles in the patient’s outer ears eliminated pain.

13. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration / The Definition and Example Pattern Acupuncture is a Chinese medical technique that involves inserting special needles in certain places in the body. When acupuncture is used to kill pain, needles are inserted far from the area of pain. In one stomach operation, for instance, four needles in the patient’s outer ears eliminated pain. This paragraph begins with a definition of acupuncture. Definition Explanation Example The sentences should read as follows: The second sentence further explains acupuncture by discussing a special use. Finally, an example of the use of acupuncture for pain is given. The third sentence includes the illustration words for instance.

14. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 1 Illustration / The Definition and Example Pattern An important study hint: Textbook authors often take time, then, to include key definitions. These ideas and terms are usually set off in italic or boldface type, and the definitions are signaled by such words as is, are, is called, termed, and refers to. A placebo is a “sugar pill” without any significant medical properties. Hypotheses are predictions stated in a way that allows them to be tested. A low sense of personal worth is what psychologists call negative self- esteem. Examples of Definitions in Textbooks

15. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast Words That Show Comparison Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. Human infants suck their thumbs; baby elephants suck their trunks. B. Just as human infants suck their thumbs, baby elephants suck their trunks.

16. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast Words That Show Comparison Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. Human infants suck their thumbs; baby elephants suck their trunks. B. Just as human infants suck their thumbs, baby elephants suck their trunks. The first item makes us wonder what the author is focusing on—how human infants and baby elephants are alike or how they are different. The words just as in the second version show the author is focusing on the similarity.

17. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison B. Just as human infants suck their thumbs, baby elephants suck their trunks. Just as and words like them are comparison words.

18. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison Comparison words signal similarities. Authors use a comparison transition to show that a second idea is like the first one in some way.

19. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison In the above cartoon, the words resemble and both show the dog is making a comparison between himself and the man. The dog names three ways he and the man are similar: both of them eat anything, sleep on the furniture, and are overweight.

20. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison Here are some common words that show comparison: Examples The carpet was so old and faded it looked like a gray shadow. Comparison Words Tattoos, which used to be seen as lower class, are part of our culture today. Likewise, many middle-class people now have body piercings. Parents today often dislike the music their children listen to, just as their own parents disliked the Beatles or the Rolling Stones.

21. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast Words That Show Contrast Which item below is easier to understand? A. The weather in Florida is usually wonderful, but the summers are hot and humid. B. The weather in Florida is usually wonderful. The summers are hot and humid.

22. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast Words That Show Contrast Which item below is easier to understand? A. The weather in Florida is usually wonderful, but the summers are hot and humid. B. The weather in Florida is usually wonderful. The summers are hot and humid. In the second item, we’re not sure if the author feels that the weather in Florida is wonderful because of or in spite of the hot and humid summers. The transition but in the first item makes the relationship clear: the weather in Florida is wonderful in spite of the summer heat and humidity.

23. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast A. The weather in Florida is usually wonderful, but the summers are hot and humid. But and words like it are known as contrast words.

24. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast Contrast words signal differences. A contrast word shows that two things differ in one or more ways. Contrast words also inform us that something is going to differ from what we might expect.

25. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast In the cartoon above, the woman uses the word difference to contrast what her husband likes to do at meals (read) with what she likes to do (talk).

26. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast Here are some common words that show contrast: Examples Although the movie had an exciting plot, the actors in the lead roles were not very convincing. Contrast Words Only 10 percent of the population is left-handed. In contrast, of babies that are born more than two months prematurely, 54 percent are left-handed. A laptop computer is convenient and portable; on the other hand, a desktop computer is usually less expensive.

27. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast The Comparison-Contrast Pattern The comparison-contrast pattern shows how two things are alike or how they are different, or both.

28. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast The Comparison-Contrast Pattern When things are compared, their similarities are pointed out. When things are contrasted, their differences are discussed.

29. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison-Contrast Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in an order that makes sense. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? A. The snakes have similar markings: red, yellow, and black bands. B. The coral snake and the milk snake may look alike, but there’s an important difference between them. C. However, the milk snake is harmless, while the coral snake is very poisonous.

30. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 2 Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison-Contrast Pattern The coral snake and the milk snake may look alike, but there’s an important difference between them. The snakes have similar markings: red, yellow, and black bands. However, the milk snake is harmless, while the coral snake is very poisonous. The first sentence of this paragraph is the general one, the one with the main idea. The sentences should read as follows: The words alike, but, and difference suggest a comparison-contrast pattern. As the comparison word similar and the contrast words however and while suggest, the other two sentences do in fact compare and contrast two things. Main idea

31. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect Words That Show Cause and Effect Which item below is easier to understand? A. Nina cares for her elderly parents. She has very little free time. B. Because Nina cares for her elderly parents, she has very little free time.

32. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect Words That Show Cause and Effect Which item below is easier to understand? A. Nina cares for her elderly parents. She has very little free time. B. Because Nina cares for her elderly parents, she has very little free time. In the first item, we are not sure of the relationship between the two sentences. Does Nina have little free time with which to care for her parents? Or does she have little free time because she cares for her parents? The word because in the second item shows the connection between the two ideas.

33. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect B. Because Nina cares for her elderly parents, she has very little free time. Because and words like it are known as cause and effect words.

34. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect Cause and effect words signal that the author is explaining the reason why something happened or the result of something happening.

35. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect In the cartoon above, the dog explains that dressing for success (the cause) has led to his promotion (the effect). Cause Effect

36. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect Here are some common cause and effect words: Examples People eat fewer hamburgers today than they did in the past. Therefore, fast-food restaurants have developed new items for their menus. Cause and Effect Words Digital cameras do not require the use of film; as a result, they have become more popular than conventional cameras. Because roses are considered the flowers of romance, many people give them for Valentine’s Day.

37. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect The Cause and Effect Pattern Information in a cause and effect pattern addresses the questions: “Why does a behavior or event happen?” “What are the results of a behavior or event?” and/or

38. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in an order that makes sense. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? A. Accidents are also caused by speeding, as drivers try to get home as quickly as possible. B. Traffic accidents are more likely to result during evening rush hour. C. Because drivers are tired at the end of the day, they are not able to respond quickly enough to changes in traffic.

39. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II 3 Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Traffic accidents are more likely to result during evening rush hour. Because drivers are tired at the end of the day, they are not able to respond quickly enough to changes in traffic. Accidents are also caused by speeding, as drivers try to get home as quickly as possible. As the words result, Because, and caused suggest, this paragraph is organized in a cause and effect pattern. The sentences should read as follows: The paragraph begins with an effect—that more accidents occur during rush hour. It then discusses two causes. Effect Cause 1 Cause 2

40. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II A Final Point A paragraph or a longer passage sometimes contains more than one pattern of organization.

41. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II A Final Point People with more wealth tend to have more power. This fact is apparent in the domination of top government positions by the wealthy. Higher-income persons are also more likely to feel a strong sense of power. As a result, they are more likely to be politically active, working to keep or increase their power. In contrast, lower-income people are more likely to feel powerless to influence major political decisions. Therefore, they are more indifferent to politics and less likely to be involved in political activity. A Paragraph with Two Patterns of Organization The paragraph partly uses a contrast pattern, noting the difference between higher-income people and lower-income people with regard to political activity. But it also uses a cause-effect pattern: it describes the effect of feeling a sense of power or feeling no sense of power.

42. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II (Continues on next slide)

43. CHAPTER 7 Relationships II Chapter Review